Physiological characteristics of participants at baseline.

Independent samples t tests found no significant differences in body composition or skin color at baseline between the intervention and control group.
At baseline, participants’ height and weight were measured, and their body composition, total body water (TBW) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) estimated using a Tanita SC-330 body composition analyzer. Skin color was measured in the CIELab color space using a Konica Minolta CM2600d spectrophotometer.