Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors Illuminate the Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signaling Networks

Cellular signaling
networks are the foundation which determines
the fate and function of cells as they respond to various cues and
stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over 25 years ago enabled
the development of a diverse array of genetically encodable fluorescent
biosensors that are capable of measuring the spatiotemporal dynamics
of signal transduction pathways in live cells. In an effort to encapsulate
the breadth over which fluorescent biosensors have expanded, we endeavored
to assemble a comprehensive list of published engineered biosensors,
and we discuss many of the molecular designs utilized in their development.
Then, we review how the high temporal and spatial resolution afforded
by fluorescent biosensors has aided our understanding of the spatiotemporal
regulation of signaling networks at the cellular and subcellular level.
Finally, we highlight some emerging areas of research in both biosensor
design and applications that are on the forefront of biosensor development.