Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, 1980-1985: [United States]

The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program of research was initiated in response to the 1977 report of the President's Commission on Mental Health. The purpose was to collect data on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and on the use of and need for services by the mentally ill. Independent research teams at five universities (Yale University, Johns Hopkins University, Washington University, Duke University, and University of California at Los Angeles), in collaboration with the National Institute for Mental Health, conducted the studies with a core of common questions and sample characteristics. The sites were areas that had previously been designated as Community Mental Health Center catchment areas: New Haven, Connecticut, Baltimore, Maryland, St. Louis, Missouri, Durham, North Carolina, and Los Angeles, California. Each site sampled over 3,000 community residents and 500 residents of institutions, yielding 20,861 respondents overall. The longitudinal ECA design incorporated two waves of personal interviews administered one year apart and a brief telephone interview in between (for the household sample). The diagnostic interview used in the ECA was the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), Version III (with the exception of the Yale Wave I survey, which used Version II). Diagnoses were categorized according to the DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS, 3rd Edition (DSM-III). Diagnoses derived from the DIS include manic episode, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, single episode major depression, recurrent major depression, atypical bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse or dependence, drug abuse or dependence, schizophrenia, schizophreniform, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, somatization, panic, antisocial personality, and anorexia nervosa. The DIS uses the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), which measures cognitive functioning, as an indirect measure of the DSM-III Organic Mental Disorders. In the ECA survey, this diagnosis is called cognitive impairment.

响应于1977年总统心理健康委员会的报告，启动了流行病学调查区（Epidemiologic Catchment Area，简称ECA）研究项目。该项目旨在收集关于精神疾病患病率和发病率，以及精神疾病患者对医疗服务的使用和需求的数据。来自五所大学（耶鲁大学、约翰霍普金斯大学、华盛顿大学、杜克大学和加州洛杉矶大学）的独立研究团队，与国家精神健康研究所（National Institute for Mental Health）合作，采用一组共同的问题和样本特征进行研究和调查。这些研究地点被指定为社区心理健康中心调查区：康涅狄格州的纽黑文、马里兰州的巴尔的摩、密苏里州的圣路易斯、北卡罗来纳州的达勒姆和加利福尼亚州的洛杉矶。每个地点对超过3,000名社区居民和500名机构居民进行了抽样，总共收集了20,861名受访者的数据。纵向的ECA设计包含了相隔一年的两次个人访谈以及中间的简要电话访谈（针对家庭样本）。在ECA调查中使用的诊断访谈工具为国家精神健康研究所诊断访谈计划（NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule，简称DIS），第三版（除了耶鲁大学第一波调查使用的是第二版）。诊断结果根据《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（第3版，简称DSM-III）进行分类。从DIS中得出的诊断包括躁狂发作、抑郁情绪、双相情感障碍、单次重度抑郁发作、复发性重度抑郁发作、非典型双相情感障碍、酒精滥用或依赖、药物滥用或依赖、精神分裂症、精神分裂症样障碍、强迫症、恐惧症、躯体化障碍、恐慌症、反社会人格障碍和神经性厌食症。DIS使用迷你精神状态检查（Mini-Mental State Examination，简称MMSE）来间接衡量DSM-III有机性精神疾病，该检查测量认知功能。在ECA调查中，这种诊断被称为认知障碍。