Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Accra - Ghana

Abstract
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The Ghana-Accra Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS4) was conducted in 2010-2011 by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana. The survey was carried out in 5 high densely populated localities of Accra with the primary objective of providing up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in these areas. Financial and technical support was provided by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The Ghana Urban MICS was conducted as part of the fourth global round of MICS surveys (MICS4). MICS is an international household survey programme developed by UNICEF to provide up-to-date information on the situation of children and women and measures key indicators that allow countries to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments.

Geographic coverage
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Five high population density localities, namely Nima, New Town, James Town, La and Bubuashie.

Analysis unit
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- individuals
- households

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men aged between 15-59 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The primary objective of the sample design for the Ghana-Accra Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators for these high density population suburbs of Accra.

A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The target sample size for the Accra MICS was calculated as 1,500 households. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was full immunization among children aged 12-23 months using the results from the 2006 national MICS. This indicator yielded the largest sample size among 5 potential indicators considered, the others being BCG, Polio 3, MMR and DPT coverage.

The resulting number of households from this calculation was 1,266 households, which was the minimum sample size required to achieve the desired level of accuracy. Since the calculated sample size is not too far from the previous proposed size that is 1500, the decision is made to maintain this first proposal. Primary allocation of the total sample size to the five localities was done using probability proportional to size with the EAs serving as the primary sampling units. The national practice is to select 15 households from each EA for such household surveys and therefore, 100 EAs were required to meet the computed sample size of 1,500.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Ghana-Accra Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.134.-138.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered to a knowledgeable adult living in the household. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Insecticide Treated Nets, Indoor Residual Spraying, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Handwashing and Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, the Questionnaire for Individual Women was administered to all women aged 15-49 years living in the households. The women's questionnaire includes Women's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Child Mortality (however, given the small sample size, indicators for child mortality have not been included in this report), Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-Natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Contraception, Unmet Need, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, Marriage/Union, Sexual Behaviour, National Health Insurance and HIV/AIDS.

The Questionnaire for Children Under-Five was administered to mothers or caretakers of children under 5 years of age1 living in the households. The children's questionnaire includes Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, Malaria, Immunization and Anthropometry.

The Questionnaire for Individual Men was administered to each third man among all men aged 15-59 living in the households. The men's questionnaire includes Men's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Marriage/Union, Attitudes Towards Contraception, Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, National Health Insurance and HIV/AIDS.

Cleaning operations
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Data were entered using the CSPro software. The data were entered on 14 microcomputers and carried out by 14 data entry operators under the supervision of 4 data entry supervisors. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the final questionnaires were used throughout. Data processing began two weeks after data collection in December 2010 and was completed in February 2011. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, Version 18, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were used for this purpose, after amending to take into account the changes/additions to the Questionnaires.

Response rate
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Of the 1,500 households selected for the sample, 1,453 were found to be occupied. Of these, 1,409 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 97 percent. In the interviewed households, 1,427 women (age 15-49 years) were identified. Of these, 1,294 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 91 percent within interviewed households. In addition, 472 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Questionnaires were completed for 453 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 96 percent within interviewed households. Similarly, out of the 688 eligible men identified, 607 were successfully interviewed, giving a response rate of 88 percent. Overall response rates of 88 percent, 93 percent and 86 percent are calculated for the women’s, under-5’s and men’s interviews respectively.

Sampling error estimates
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Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
- Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
- Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
- Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
- Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Three of the selected indicators are based on households, 8 are based on household members, 13 are based on women, and 15 are based on children under 5. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

- Age distribution of the household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of children under 5 in household and children under 5 questionnaires
- Women's completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completion rates for under-five questionnaires by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completeness of reporting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators
- Heaping in anthropometric measurements
- Observation of bednets and places for hand washing
- Observation of women's health cards
- Observation of children under 5 birth certificates
- Observation of vaccination cards
- Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under-5 questionnaire
- Selection of children age 2-14 years for the child discipline module
- School attendance by single age
- Sex ratio at birth among children ever born and living

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Ghana-Accra Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.147-157.

摘要
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加纳阿克拉多指标集群调查（MICS4）于2010-2011年由加纳大学统计学、社会学与经济研究所（ISSER）实施。该调查在阿克拉五个高人口密度地区进行，旨在提供最新信息，以评估这些地区的儿童和妇女状况。联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）提供了财务和技术支持。加纳城市MICS作为第四次全球MICS调查（MICS4）的一部分进行。MICS是由UNICEF开发的一项国际家庭调查项目，旨在提供关于儿童和妇女状况的最新信息，并衡量关键指标，使各国能够监测向千年发展目标（MDGs）和其他国际共识承诺的进展。
地理覆盖范围
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五个高人口密度地区，即尼马、新城、詹姆斯敦、拉和布布亚希。
分析单元
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- 个人
- 家庭

总体
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该调查涵盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民），所有15-49岁的妇女，所有15-59岁的男子以及所有居住在家庭中的5岁以下儿童。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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加纳阿克拉多指标集群调查的样本设计的主要目标是产生对阿克拉这些高密度人口郊区大多数指标的统计上可靠的估计。
采用了多阶段、分层聚类抽样方法来选择调查样本。
阿克拉MICS的目标样本量计算为1,500户家庭。在计算样本量时，使用的关键指标是12-23个月儿童的全免疫率，该指标基于2006年国家MICS的结果。在考虑的5个潜在指标中，该指标产生了最大的样本量，其他指标包括BCG、脊灰3、MMR和DPT覆盖率。
从上述计算中得出的家庭数量为1,266户，这是实现所需准确度水平的最低样本量。由于计算出的样本量与先前提出的1,500户相差不远，因此决定维持这一初步提议。将总样本量按比例分配到五个地区，使用EAs作为主要抽样单位。国家惯例是从每个EAs中选择15户家庭进行此类家庭调查，因此需要100个EAs来满足计算出的1,500户样本量。
抽样程序在“加纳阿克拉多指标集群调查2010 - 报告”的第134-138页有更详细的描述。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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通用MICS的问卷是基于MICS4模型问卷的结构化问卷，并进行了一些修改和补充。家庭问卷由居住在家庭中的知识渊博的成年人填写。家庭问卷包括家庭登记表、教育、水和卫生、家庭特征、杀虫剂处理的蚊帐、室内残留喷洒、童工、儿童纪律、洗手和碘盐。
除了家庭问卷外，还对所有居住在家庭中的15-49岁妇女进行了《妇女问卷》的发放。妇女问卷包括妇女背景、大众媒体获取和信息技术使用、儿童死亡率（然而，鉴于样本量较小，儿童死亡率指标未包括在本报告中）、对最后一次出生的愿望、孕产妇和新生儿健康、产后健康检查、疾病症状、避孕、未满足的需求、女性生殖器切割、对家庭暴力的态度、婚姻/联合、性行为、国家医疗保险和艾滋病。
对5岁以下儿童的《儿童问卷》由居住在家庭中的5岁以下儿童的母亲或照顾者填写。儿童问卷包括年龄、出生登记、早期儿童发展、母乳喂养、疾病护理、疟疾、免疫和人体测量学。
对居住在家庭中的所有15-59岁男性中的第三个男性进行了《个人男性问卷》的发放。男性问卷包括男性背景、大众媒体获取和信息技术使用、婚姻/联合、对避孕的态度、对家庭暴力的态度、性行为、国家医疗保险和艾滋病。
清洗操作
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使用CSPro软件录入数据。数据在14台微型计算机上录入，由14名数据录入操作员在4名数据录入监督员的监督下进行。为了确保质量控制，所有问卷都进行了双重录入，并进行了内部一致性检查。在整个过程中使用了全球MICS4项目下开发的程序和标准程序，并根据最终问卷进行了调整。数据处理始于2010年12月数据收集后的两周，并于2011年2月完成。使用社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）软件程序，版本18进行分析，并使用UNICEF开发的模型语法和制表计划进行了此目的的修正。
应答率
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在选定的1,500户家庭样本中，发现1,453户有人居住。其中，1,409户成功接受了访谈，家庭应答率为97％。在受访的家庭中，确定了1,427名（15-49岁）妇女。其中，1,294名成功接受了访谈，受访家庭内的应答率为91％。此外，家庭问卷中列出了472名5岁以下的儿童。完成了453名这些儿童的问卷，对应受访家庭内的应答率为96％。同样，在确定的688名符合条件的男性中，有607名成功接受了访谈，应答率为88％。总体而言，妇女、5岁以下儿童和男性的访谈应答率分别为88％、93％和86％。
抽样误差估计
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抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本估计之间差异的指标。差异的程度不能确切知道，但可以从调查数据中统计估计。
在本附录中，为每个选定的指标提供了以下抽样误差指标：
- 标准误差（se）：抽样误差通常以特定指标（均值、比例等）的标准误差来衡量。标准误差是估计方差的平方根。使用泰勒线性化方法来估计标准误差。
- 变异系数（se/r）是标准误差与指标值的比率，是相对抽样误差的衡量指标。
- 设计效应（deff）是使用调查中采用的抽样方法下指标的实际情况方差与假设简单随机抽样下计算的方差的比率。设计效应（deft）的平方根用于表示样本设计在精度方面的效率。deft值为1.0表示样本设计与简单随机样本一样有效，而deft值高于1.0表示由于使用了更复杂的样本设计而增加了标准误差。
- 置信限是计算出来以显示真实值可以合理地假设落在其中的区间，置信水平指定。对于从调查中计算出的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将在所有可能的样本中，大小和设计相同的95％的样本中落在加减两倍标准误差（r + 2.se或r - 2.se）的范围内。
从MICS数据计算抽样误差时，使用了SPSS版本18的复杂数据样本模块。结果如下表所示。除了上述抽样误差指标外，表格还包括每个指标的加权和不加权计数。
抽样误差计算适用于主要指标、国家层面、地区以及城市和农村地区。三个选定的指标基于家庭，8个基于家庭成员，13个基于妇女，15个基于5岁以下儿童。此处展示的所有指标均以比例的形式呈现。
数据评估
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一系列数据质量表可用于审查数据质量，包括以下内容：
- 家庭人口年龄分布
- 合格并接受访谈的妇女年龄分布
- 家庭和5岁以下儿童问卷中的5岁以下儿童年龄分布
- 按家庭社会经济特征划分的妇女完成率
- 按家庭社会经济特征划分的5岁以下儿童问卷完成率
- 报告的完整性
- 人体测量学指标信息的完整性
- 人体测量学测量中的堆积
- 观察到的蚊帐和洗手处
- 观察到的妇女健康卡
- 观察到的5岁以下儿童出生证明
- 观察到的疫苗接种卡
- 家庭中母亲的存在以及接受5岁以下儿童问卷访谈的人
- 为儿童纪律模块选择2-14岁儿童
- 单一年龄的学龄
- 孩子出生时的性别比

每个这些数据质量表的结果都显示在“加纳阿克拉多指标集群调查2010 - 报告”的附录D中，第147-157页。