Strains used in this study.

Knock-in strains that were constructed by introducing mutations identified during adaptive evolution back into the starting unevolved Δpgi strain are designated “KI.” This designation is followed next by a number that corresponds to the evolved replicate on which the knock-in strain is based. The identity of the gene(s) containing the mutation follows last. Abbreviations – RU: rpoS + udhA; RP: rpoS + pntA; UP: udhA + pntA; 3KI: triple knock-in.