Oxalic acid treatment of honey bee hive

Study of the effect of 3 oxalic acid treatments (tricking at 2.1%, tricking at 4.2%, and sublimation through Varrox®) upon the microbial communities (bacterial and eukaryotic) associated with workers' gut, hive bee bread and pupae, sampled from 3 apiaries. Apiaries were managed through conventional or ecological beekeeping practices, and were under different anthropization levels (located in an urban, rural or mountainous area). Hives were sampled pre- and post-treatment by doing: i) queen caging and pre-treatment sampling on August 2017, ii) queen liberation and hive treatment 24 days later, and iii) post-treatment sampling approximately 20 days later (middle of October 2017). Characterization was performed via amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria, and the ITS2 region for eukaryote.