Theta deep-brain stimulation improves cognitive performance in Parkinson's patients with cognitive impairments

This dataset is a companion to this article: Background: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) almost inevitably experience cognitive impairments. These deficits have been linked to low frequency “theta” cortical activity ~4 Hz, previously associated with cognitive control. Objective: Our study investigated effects of 4 Hz subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on cognitive performance in PD patients with cognitive impairments. Methods: We recruited 17 PD participants with (n=10) and without (n=7) cognitive impairment. In these patients, we compared motor and cognitive performance during 4 Hz STN DBS, typical DBS for motor symptoms of PD (~130Hz) and DBS OFF. Motor performance was tested by Part III of the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS-III). Cognitive performance was tested during performance of the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT), which requires conflict resolution to respond accurately. Results: Motor function improved with 4 Hz STN DBS and further improved with ~130 Hz STN DBS. Compared to DBS OFF, reaction times were decreased during 4 Hz STN DBS and were further decreased at ~130 Hz. Strikingly, 4 Hz DBS alone improved accuracy compared to both DBS OFF and compared to ~130 Hz STN DBS. Conclusions: These data suggest that theta-frequency 4 Hz STN stimulation is effective in PD patients with cognitive impairments. Our findings will help guide new therapies targeted at improving cognitive dysfunction in PD and could broaden applications for low-frequency brain stimulation.