General Household Survey 2004 - South Africa

Abstract
---------------------------

The GHS is an annual household survey, specifically designed to measure various aspects of the living circumstances of South African households. The key findings reported here focus on the five broad areas covered by the GHS, namely: education, health, activities related to work and unemployment, housing and household access to services and facilities.

Geographic coverage
---------------------------

The scope of the General Household Survey 2004 was national coverage.

Analysis unit
---------------------------

The units of anaylsis for the General Household Survey 2004 are individuals and households.

Universe
---------------------------

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents) of households in the nine provinces of South Africa and residents in workers' hostels. The survey does not cover collective living quarters such as students' hostels, old age homes, hospitals, prisons and military barracks.

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

For the GHS 2004 a multi-stage stratified sample was drawn, using probability proportional to size principles.

The sample was drawn from the master sample, which Statistics South Africa uses to draw samples for its regular household surveys. The master sample is drawn from the database of enumeration areas (EAs) established during the demarcation phase of Census 1996. As part of the master sample, small EAs consisting of fewer than 100 households are combined with adjacent EAs to form primary sampling units (PSUs) of at least 100 households, to allow for repeated sampling of dwelling units within each PSU. The sampling procedure for the master sample involves explicit stratification by province and within each province, by urban and non-urban areas. Within each stratum, the sample was allocated disproportionately. A PPS sample of PSUs was drawn in each stratum, with the measure of size being the number of households in the PSU. Altogether approximately 3 000 PSUs were selected. In each selected PSU a systematic sample of ten dwelling units was drawn, thus, resulting in approximately 30 000 dwelling units. All households in the sampled dwelling units were enumerated.

The master sample is divided into five independent clusters. In order to avoid respondent fatigue (the LFS is a rotating panel survey which is conducted twice yearly), the GHS sample uses a different cluster from the Labour Force Survey clusters.

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

The GHS 2004 questionnaire collected data on:
Household characteristics: Dwelling type, home ownership, access to water and sanitation facilities, access to services, transport, household assets, land ownership, agricultural production
Individuals' characteristics: demographic characteristics, relationship to household head, marital status, language, education, employment, income, health, disability, access to social services, mortality.
Women's characteristics: fertility

Response rate
---------------------------

83,9% of the expected 31 400 interviews were successfully completed. It was not possible to complete interviews in 9,7% of the sampled dwelling units. An additional 6,3% of all interviews were not conducted for various reasons such as the sampled dwelling units had become vacant or had changed status (e.g. they were used as shops/small businesses at the time of the enumeration but were originally listed as dwelling units).

Sampling error estimates
---------------------------

Estimation and use of standard error
The published results of the General Household Survey are based on representative probability samples drawn from the South African population, as discussed in the section on sample design. Consequently, all estimates are subject to sampling variability. This means that the sample estimates may differ from the population figures that would have been produced if the entire South African population had been included in the survey. The measure usually used to indicate the probable difference between a sample estimate and the corresponding population figure is the standard error (SE), which measures the extent to which an estimate might have varied by chance because only a sample of the population was included. There are two major factors which influence the value of a standard error. The first factor is the sample size. Generally speaking, the larger the sample size, the more precise the estimate and the smaller the standard error. Consequently, in a national household survey such as the GHS, one expects more precise estimates at the national level than at the provincial level due to the larger sample size involved. The second factor is the variability between households of the parameter of the population being estimated, for example, the number of unemployed persons in the household.

摘要
---------------------------
GHS是一项年度家庭调查，旨在全面衡量南非家庭生活状况的各个方面。本报告中的关键发现集中于GHS涵盖的五大领域：教育、健康、与工作和失业相关的活动、住房和家庭对服务与设施的可及性。
地理覆盖范围
---------------------------
2004年一般家庭调查的覆盖范围为国家层面。
分析单位
---------------------------
一般家庭调查2004年的分析单位为个人和家庭。
调查范围
---------------------------
该调查涵盖了南非九个省份中所有法定家庭成员（常住居民）以及工人宿舍的居民。调查不包括如学生宿舍、养老院、医院、监狱和军事营房等集体生活区。
数据类型
---------------------------
样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
---------------------------
对于GHS 2004，采用了多阶段分层抽样，遵循规模比例原则。
样本从主样本中抽取，主样本由南非统计局用于其常规家庭调查的抽样。主样本来源于1996年人口普查划界阶段的绘图区域数据库。作为主样本的一部分，包含少于100户家庭的较小绘图区域与相邻的绘图区域合并，形成至少包含100户家庭的基本抽样单位（PSU），以便在每个PSU内对住宅单位进行重复抽样。主样本的抽样程序涉及对省份和每个省份内的城市和非城市区域进行明确的分层。在每个分层内，样本分配呈不均衡状态。在每个分层中，抽取了按规模比例（PPS）的PSU样本，规模指标为PSU中的家庭数量。总计约选出了3,000个PSU。在每个选定的PSU中，抽取了十个住宅单位的系统样本，因此，总共约有30,000个住宅单位。所有抽样住宅单位中的家庭都被进行了登记。
主样本分为五个独立的集群。为了避免受访者疲劳（劳动力调查是一个每半年进行一次的轮换面板调查），GHS样本使用与劳动力调查集群不同的集群。
数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
---------------------------
GHS 2004问卷收集了以下方面的数据：
家庭特征：住宅类型、房屋所有权、水卫生设施可及性、服务可及性、交通、家庭资产、土地所有权、农业生产
个人特征：人口统计学特征、与家庭户主的关系、婚姻状况、语言、教育、就业、收入、健康、残疾、社会服务可及性、死亡率。
女性特征：生育率
响应率
---------------------------
在预期的31,400次访谈中，有83.9%成功完成。在9.7%的抽样住宅单位中无法完成访谈。另外，由于各种原因（如抽样住宅单位已空置或状态改变，例如在普查时被用作商店/小型企业，而最初被列为住宅单位），还有6.3%的所有访谈未能进行。
抽样误差估计
---------------------------
标准误差的估计和使用
《一般家庭调查》的公布结果基于从南非人口中抽取的代表性概率样本，如样本设计部分所述。因此，所有估计值都受抽样变异性的影响。这意味着样本估计值可能与如果整个南非人口都包括在调查中产生的总体数据存在差异。通常用来表示样本估计值与相应总体数据之间可能差异的指标是标准误差（SE），它衡量由于只包括人口样本而估计值可能因偶然因素而变化的程度。影响标准误差值的主要有两个因素。第一个因素是样本大小。一般来说，样本越大，估计值越精确，标准误差越小。因此，在像GHS这样的全国性家庭调查中，由于样本量大，预计国家层面的估计值比省级层面的估计值更精确。第二个因素是估计的总体参数的家庭间的变异性，例如家庭中的失业人数。