TEAMx, DECIPHER, Monte Baldo, Cosmic Rays Neutron Sensor probe, soil moisture observations, Processed Data, (University of Trento)

1. Short Description of the Sensor Cosmic Rays Neutron Sensor (CRNS) probe that uses cosmic rays to measure water in the soil and snow non-invasively, on a large-scale, in depth, and in real time. Developed and provided by Finapp S.r.l. 1.2 Specifications For a thorough description of the sensor see the document “Finapp-User-Manual_rev20240419.pdf” attached to the dataset. The product specification are also reported in the attached document “ST-2024-05-09 technical sheet FinappSM.pdf”. 2. Measurement Strategy during the Campaign The sensor was placed close to the mid-slope tower, where other soil sensors were located. This enabled the comparison between the punctual soil moisture observations and the large-scale observations from the sensor. The sensor was calibrated at the moment of the installation. The calibration results are available in the documents attached to the dataset: CRNS_SOIL_Calibration_Survey_MonteBaldo_DICAM.xlsxInstallationReport_SM_UniTN_Dicam_ID383.pdfCalibrationReport_SM_UniTN_Dicam_ID383.pdf 2.1 Description of data collection Data was collected at the end of the campaign from the Finapp API. 2.2 Time period covered by the data The sensor measured continuously from 9 August until 8 October 2025.Sampling period: 1h 4 seconds. 2.3 Time zone UTC+2 2.4 Physical location LAT 45.66608633 N, LON 10.82184396 E, Elev. 1383 m a.s.l. 3. Data Processing Raw data acquired by the sensor (muons and neutron counts) is processed by Finapp, which generates and shares both the processed and raw data. 3.1 Description of derived parameters and processing techniques used The description of the measurement techniques and the data processing are outlined in the following articles. Stevanato, L., Baroni, G., Cohen, Y., Fontana, C. L., Gatto, S., Lunardon, M., Marinello, F., Moretto, S., & Morselli, L. (2019). A Novel Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor for Soil Moisture Estimation over Large Areas. Agriculture, 9(9), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9090202S. Gianessi, M. Polo, L. Stevanato, M. Lunardon, T. Francke, S.E. Oswald, H. Said Ahmed, A. Toloza, G. Weltin, G. Dercon, E. Fulajtar, L. Heng, G. Baroni, Testing a novel sensor design to jointly measure cosmic-ray neutrons, muons and gamma rays for non-invasive soil moisture estimation Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13 (2024), pp. 9-25, 10.5194/gi-13-9-2024 3.2 Description of quality assurance and control procedures 4. Data Format Five .csv files 4.1 Data file structure The files corresponds to the observations collected by the sensor during its deployment period. 4.2 File naming convention 4.3 List of relevant parameters and units Total detected particles over 1 hour:file muon-counts.csv: Muon counts [counts]file neutron-counts.csv: Neutron counts [counts] Averaged quantities over 1 hour:file pressure.csv: Pressure [hPa]file temperature-onboard.csv: Onboard temperature [°C] Soil moisture quantities, averaged over 1h, in the file soil-moisture.csv: Gravimetric soil moisture, reported as gravimetric water content [%]Calculated as: ((weight of moist soil [g] - weight of dry soil [g]) / weight of dry soil [g]) * 100 Volumetric soil moisture, reported as volumetric water content [%]Calculated as: gravimetric water content [%] * 0.62 Here, 0.62 is the ratio of soil bulk density to water bulk density. 5. Data Remarks 5.1 Known missing data periods None 5.2 Software compatibility Any software that can read .csv files.