Video Dataset for Observing Velocity Distribution Law in a Macroscopic Free-Particle System: Non-Equilibrium Steady-State Motion of Rigid Spheres on an Orbital Shaker

This dataset contains high‑speed video recordings of rigid quartz spheres (diameter: 1.4 cm) moving on an orbital shaker driven by a speed‑controlled motor. The transparent container undergoes uniform orbital rotation, and the spheres gain controllable kinetic energy through inelastic collisions with the container walls, thereby mimicking the thermal motion of microscopic free particles at the macroscopic scale and reaching a non‑equilibrium steady state. Videos are captured from a top‑view perspective using a smartphone camera (240 fps, 1920×1080 resolution). Experimental conditions cover different rotation speeds (from 80π to 400π rad/min) and different numbers of spheres (from 2 to 10). Each video records the complete motion process of the spheres, enabling trajectory extraction, instantaneous velocity calculation, verification of the two‑dimensional Maxwell velocity distribution, and analysis of the linear relationship between the equivalent granular temperature and the square of rotation speed. This dataset is suitable for applications such as statistical physics education, macroscopic statistical law studies, and benchmarking of computer vision multi‑object tracking algorithms.