Biogeographic inferences from Lagrange.

All Lagrange [28] models permitted dispersal during interglacials (0–10 ky; 90–130 ky; 190–240 ky) between any adjacent geographic areas as follows (Fig. 6): SRM from North America through Beringia to Asia; BER from Beringia outward; JAP from Japan through Beringia to North America; CAS from Central Asia & Siberia through Beringia to North America; except for REF, which restricted all dispersal prior to 10 kya. For all other models, dispersal was restricted during glacial periods (10–90 ky; 130–190 ky). The root age was estimated at 220 kya, based on 1.72 substitutions/site/year [55]. All ancestral areas inferred for the root node of each model are shown.