Table_1_A Systematic Review Examining the Relationship Between Habit and Physical Activity Behavior in Longitudinal Studies.DOCX

Purpose: To explain physical activity behavior, social-cognitive theories were most commonly used in the past. Besides conscious processes, the approach of dual processes additionally incorporates non-conscious regulatory processes into physical activity behavior theories. Habits are one of various non-conscious variables that can influence behavior and thus play an important role in terms of behavior change. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between habit strength and physical activity behavior in longitudinal studies.Methods: According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in three databases. Only peer-reviewed articles using a longitudinal study design were included. Both, habit and physical activity were measured at least once, and habit was related to physical activity behavior. Study quality was evaluated by assessment tools of the NHLBI.Results: Of 3.382 identified publications between 2016 and 2019, fifteen studies with different study designs were included. Most studies supported that positive correlations between habit and physical activity exist. Some positive direct and indirect effects of habit on physical activity were detected and only a minority of studies showed the influence of physical activity on habit strength. Studies differentiating between instigation and execution habit found positive correlations and revealed instigation habit as a stronger predictor of physical activity. The quality of studies was rated as reasonable using assessment tools of the NHLBI.Conclusion: This review revealed a bidirectional relationship between habit and physical activity. Whether habit predicts physical activity or vice versa is still unclear. The observation of habit influencing physical activity may be most appropriate in studies fostering physical activity maintenance while the influence of physical activity on habit may be reasonable in experimental studies with physical activity as intervention content to form a habit. Future investigations should differentiate between habit formation and physical activity maintenance studies depending on the research objective. Long-term study designs addressing the complexity of habitual behavior would be beneficial for establishing cue-behavior associations for the formation of habits. Furthermore, studies should differentiate between instigation and execution habit in order to investigate the influence of both variables on physical activity behavior independently.

目的：为阐释身体活动行为，既往研究中最为广泛采用的是社会认知理论。除了意识过程之外，双重过程理论还将非意识调节过程纳入身体活动行为理论之中。习惯是众多非意识变量中的一种，能够影响行为，因此在行为改变方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本次综述旨在探讨习惯强度与身体活动行为在纵向研究中的关系。方法：依据PRISMA指南，在三个数据库中进行了系统性的检索。仅纳入采用纵向研究设计的同行评审文章。习惯和身体活动均至少测量一次，且习惯与身体活动行为相关。通过NHLBI的评估工具对研究质量进行了评估。结果：在2016年至2019年间识别的3,382篇出版物中，共纳入了具有不同研究设计的15项研究。大多数研究支持习惯与身体活动之间存在正相关关系。一些习惯对身体活动产生积极直接和间接影响的现象被发现，仅有少数研究显示了身体活动对习惯强度的影响。区分了激发型和执行型习惯的研究发现正相关关系，并揭示激发型习惯是身体活动更强的预测因素。使用NHLBI的评估工具对研究质量进行了合理评估。结论：本次综述揭示了习惯与身体活动之间的双向关系。习惯是否预测身体活动，或者反之，尚不明确。观察习惯对身体活动的影响可能最适用于促进身体活动维持的研究，而身体活动对习惯的影响可能在以身体活动作为干预内容以形成习惯的实验研究中是合理的。未来的研究应根据研究目标区分习惯形成与身体活动维持研究。针对习惯行为复杂性的长期研究设计将有助于建立提示-行为关联，以形成习惯。此外，研究应区分激发型和执行型习惯，以独立研究这两个变量对身体活动行为的影响。