Baseline characteristics of cohort members.

±Proxy means test for household wealth is a continuous variable constructed from: asset ownership (fridge, car or motorbike, bed); mean household size; squared mean household size; mean age of household head; education level of household head; mean number of salaried household members; household lighting source in electricity or gas. Categorised into quartiles to describe differences in wealth between groups.*Study assessed WHO stage: participants were independently staged by research assistants.♯ART eligibility defined as meeting national ART criteria (CD4§Where blood taken and results available at primary clinic (men and non-pregnant women [n = 51], pregnant women [n = 30]).