Eco-Friendly Graphene oxide reinforced palm oil–based polyurethane nanocomposites for sustainable energy storage and environmental remediation

This study reports the development of sustainable palm oil–based polyurethane (PPU) nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) for energy and environmental applications. GO was incorporated at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 g loadings to assess its effect on composite performance. At 0.50 g, uniform GO dispersion enhanced crystallinity and interfacial bonding, yielding a 28.6% increase in tensile strength and a 1.4% improvement in thermal stability relative to neat PPU. Electrochemical analysis revealed superior capacitive behaviour, while BET measurements indicated a mesoporous structure with a surface area of 53.4 m²/g, enabling efficient CO₂ adsorption. These results identify 0.50 g GO as the optimal concentration that balances mechanical reinforcement, energy storage capability, and CO₂ capture. The integration of renewable palm-based polyol with GO offers a sustainable pathway toward multifunctional nanocomposites for clean energy and environmental remediation.