mTOR1C-dependent suppression of autophagic activity in somatic cell nuclear transfer mouse embryos

Activation of autophagy after fertilization is essential for mammalian embryonic development, as it supplies embryos with nutrients and energy. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos frequently exhibit developmental arrest, largely because of incomplete genomic reprogramming; however, the role of non-genomic factors remains unclear. Here, we investigated autophagy dynamics in mouse SCNT embryos using immunostaining and live-cell fluorescence imaging. In fertilized embryos, autophagy increased markedly from the late 2-cell stage and peaked at the morula stage. SCNT embryos followed a similar timeline but consistently showed reduced autophagic activity. Notably, the autophagic activity levels varied among SCNT embryos and positively correlated with their developmental potential. Attempts to enhance genomic reprogramming, including the removal of somatic histone methylation, did not restore autophagy. Instead, transcriptome analysis revealed ectopic activation of mTORC1 signaling as a likely cause of impaired autophagy. Consistently, treatment with an mTORC1 inhibitor successfully rescued the autophagic activity in SCNT embryos. These findings identify a persistent autophagy defect during preimplantation development in SCNT embryos and suggest that modulation of non-genomic pathways, such as mTORC1 signaling, could improve SCNT efficiency. Comparative analysis of gene expression in cumulus cells and preimplantation embryos derived from IVF and SCNT in mouse.