data_PONE-D-24-12069.csv

As grazing lands expand it is important to understand the effect cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>) may have on native ungulates. Cattle presence in a landscape can cause both spatial and temporal partitioning in wild ungulates. We used remote cameras to investigate the impacts of seasonal rest-rotational cattle grazing on both the temporal and spatial behaviors of moose (<i>Alces alces</i>), elk (<i>Cervus canadensis</i>), mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemonius</i>), and white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) in Cooking Lake-Blackfoot Provincial Park near Edmonton, AB, Canada. We found that all wild ungulates decrease their intensity of use in areas while cattle were grazing, and that this effect remains even after cattle have left, suggesting a degree of spatial partitioning. We also observed species specific changes in ungulate daily activity and nocturnality in response to cattle presence indicative of temporal partitioning. Elk increased their nocturnality while both deer species decreased their nocturnality. Understanding how cattle presence affects wild ungulates is essential for wildlife management, disease transmission, and conservation in the wake of potential increased ungulate-cattle interactions in the future.