Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 - Sudan

Abstract
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The Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), was conducted from August to December 2014 at national level covering all eighteen states. The MICS was designed to collect information on a variety of socioeconomic and health indicators required to inform the planning, implementation and monitoring of national policies and programs for the enhancement of the welfare of women and children.

The survey was carried out by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) in collaboration with the ministries of health, welfare, general education, national environment, and national water cooperation as part of the global MICS program. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), World Food Program (WFP) and the Department for International Development (DfID) UK, provided financial support.

MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate accurate evidence for use in policies and programs, and to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The Sudan Multiple Indicator Survey is a nationally representative sample survey. Interviews were successfully completed in 15,801 households drawn from a sample of 18,000 households in all 18 states of Sudan with an overall response rate of 98 percent. 20,327 women in the 15-49 years age group, and 14,751 children under 5 years of age. The specific objectives of the survey is to:

1. Update information for assessing the situation of children and women in Sudan based on MICS5 modules and geographical coverage of the 18 States in Sudan.
2. Measure the trend towards achievement of the MDGs and the goals of a World Fit For Children Plan of Action and other internationally agreed upon indicators related to children and women.
3. Furnish data needed for the indicators as per the global review of the Millennium Development Goals.
4. Contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Sudan and to strengthen technical expertise, national capacity building in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems.
5. Update Census indicators and provide solid evidence for decentralization (planning and measure of progress).
6. Provide key evidence for social sector programming and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) under development and accountabilities for sector strategic plans and UNDAF 2013-2016.

Results presented in this survey have been reviewed by the national MICS Technical Committee and approved by the national MICS Steering Committee. The results are not expected to change and are considered final.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Individuals
- Households

Universe
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The survey covered all women aged between 15-49 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The primary objective of the sample design for the Sudan MICS 2014 was to produce statistically reliable estimates for a large number of indicators at the national level. This included urban and rural areas and the eighteen states of the country namely: Northern, River Nile, Red Sea, Kassala, Gadaraf, Khartoum, Gezira, Sinnar, Blue Nile, White Nile, North Kordofan, South Kordofan, North Darfur, West Darfur, South Darfur, and the recent established West Kordofan, Eastern Darfur and Central Darfur.

In order to produce state level estimates of moderate precision, a minimum of 30 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected in each state, resulting in a sample that was not self-weighting. Urban and rural areas in each of the eighteen states were defined as the sampling strata and a multi two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

In the first stage within each stratum, a specified number of EAs were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. In the second stage, after a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 25 households was drawn in each selected EA.

Out of the 18,000 households selected in the sample, 17,142 were found to be occupied. Of these 16,801 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98 percent. In the interviewed households 20,327 women (age 15-49 years) were identified. Of these 18,302 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 90 percent. In addition to the women 14,751 children under the age of five years were listed in the household questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed for 14,081 of these children, corresponding to the under-5 response rates of 95.5 percent within the interviewed households. The highest response rates at state level for households was in South Darfur at 99.3 percent, while the lowest response rates were in West Kordofan at 93.4 percent. Response rates were slightly higher in rural areas at 98.5 percent than in urban areas at 96.8 percent. The highest response rates among eligible women between 15-49 years was 96.6 percent in Giezera State while the lowest response rates of 78.1 percent were in North Darfur. Similarly, the highest response rates among eligible children under-5 was recorded for Giezera which was 96.9 percent and the lowest response rates was also in North Darfur at 87.9 percent.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Three types of questionnaires were used in the survey:
1. Household Questionnaire: It was used to collect information on all de jure household members, the household, and the dwelling
2. Women Questionnaire: It was administered in each household to all women aged 15-49 years
3. Children under five Questionnaire: It was administered to mothers or caretakers of all children under 5 years living in the household.

Cleaning operations
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Data were entered into the computers using the Census and Surveys Processing System (CSPro) software package, Version 5.0. The data were entered on 32 desktop computers by 40 data entry operators and 9 data entry supervisors. For quality assurance purposes, all questionnaires were double-entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS programs and adapted to the Sudan questionnaires were used throughout. Data of entry started on September 14 and was completed on November 27 2014. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 21. Model syntax and tabulation plans developed by the Global MICS team were customized and used for this purpose.

Response rate
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The Sudan MICS 2014 was based on a representative sample of 15,801 households drawn from a sample 18,000 households. All 18 states of Sudan with an overall response rate of 98 percent.

Sampling error estimates
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MICS 2014 was conducted in a very challenging context of ongoing long term armed conflicts and many displacements of populations prevailing in Darfur and Kordofan states as well as the outstanding high risk mining areas. A very large sample design was defined for MICS 2014 in Sudan. It comprised of 720 Clusters (40 per state), 18,000 Households (1,000 per state) in order to ensure adequate representation of statistical estimation by each state.

During the implementation of the field data collection, the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) was constrained to proceed to the replacement of 22 clusters among 720 sampled for the survey (which represented 3%).The maximum number of clusters were replaced within states in four clusters in the Red Sea, West Kordofan, East Darfur and Central Darfur. This was in addition to the two clusters in Kassala and one cluster each in South Darfur, West Darfur, Khartoum and Gedaref. The main reason for the replacement of clusters was as follows:
1. Insecurity in Darfur States
2. Mining area in Kassala State
3. The displacement of population in the Red Sea
4. The rainy season in Gadaref State

CBS benefited from solid expertise of consulting in sampling and developed adequate technical measures by providing the field work team leader. Clear instructions enabled to perform the replacement in close compliance to the statistical practice of replacement of the enumeration area by choosing the nearest accessible area using a list of frame in respect to urban and rural areas. Taking into account the provisional measure of sample design which included 10 percent of “non-respondents rate” and the expansion of initial calculated required sample from 930 clusters to 1,000. Any anticipated error which may have emerged from the replacements was fully absorbed. Indicators measured for MICS 2014 in Sudan were not affected by the replacement of 22 clusters (from 1 to 4 into some states).

摘要
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苏丹多指标集群调查（MICS）于2014年8月至12月在全国范围内进行，涵盖全部十八个州。MICS旨在收集有关社会经济和健康指标的信息，这些信息对于制定、实施和监测旨在提升妇女和儿童福祉的国家政策和项目至关重要。

该调查由国家统计局（CBS）在健康、福利、普通教育、国家环境和国际合作部等部门的协作下进行，作为全球MICS项目的一部分。联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）提供了技术支持。UNICEF、世界卫生组织（WHO）、联合国人口基金（UNFPA）、世界粮食计划署（WFP）以及英国国际发展部（DfID）提供了财政支持。

MICS调查衡量关键指标，使各国能够为政策和项目生成准确的证据，并监测向千年发展目标（MDGs）和其他国际承诺的进展。苏丹多指标调查是一项全国代表性样本调查。在苏丹所有十八个州的18,000户家庭样本中，成功完成了15,801户家庭的访谈，整体应答率为98%。调查对象包括20,327名15-49岁的妇女和14,751名5岁以下的儿童。调查的具体目标如下：

1. 基于MICS5模块和苏丹18个州的地理覆盖范围，更新评估苏丹儿童和妇女状况的信息。
2. 衡量实现千年发展目标、适合儿童的世界行动计划目标以及其他与儿童和妇女相关的国际承诺指标的趋势。
3. 为全球对千年发展目标的回顾提供所需的数据。
4. 贡献于改善苏丹的数据和监测系统，加强技术专长，提升国家在系统设计、实施和分析方面的能力建设。
5. 更新人口普查指标，为地方化（规划和进度衡量）提供坚实的证据。
6. 为正在开发和实施的社会部门规划和贫困减少战略文件（PRSP）以及2013-2016年联合国发展援助框架（UNDAF）中的部门战略计划和问责制提供关键证据。

本调查呈现的结果已由国家MICS技术委员会审查并获得国家MICS指导委员会批准。结果预计不会发生变化，被视为最终结果。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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- 个人
- 家庭

总体
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调查涵盖了所有15-49岁的妇女和所有居住在户内的5岁以下儿童。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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苏丹MICS 2014的样本设计的主要目标是产生对大量指标在国家层面的统计可靠估计。这包括城市和农村地区以及国家的十八个州，即：北部、尼罗河、红海、卡萨拉、加达雷夫、喀土穆、吉齐拉、辛纳尔、青尼罗河、白尼罗河、北科尔多凡、南科尔多凡、北达尔富尔、西达尔富尔、南达尔富尔以及最近成立的西科尔多凡、东达尔富尔和中央达尔富尔。

为了产生州级估计的适度精确度，每个州选择了至少30个普查区（EA），从而形成一个非自我加权的样本。在每个十八个州的每个州中，城市和农村地区被定义为抽样层，并采用多阶段两阶段分层聚类抽样方法来选择调查样本。

在每个抽样层的第一阶段，根据规模成比例的概率系统地选择了指定数量的EA。在第二阶段，在选定的普查区内进行家庭清单编制后，在选定的每个EA中抽取了25户家庭的系统性样本。

在样本中选出的18,000户家庭中，发现17,142户有人居住。其中16,801户成功接受了访谈，家庭应答率为98%。在访谈的家庭中，确定了20,327名（15-49岁）妇女。其中18,302名妇女成功接受了访谈，应答率为90%。除了妇女外，家庭问卷中还列出了14,751名5岁以下的儿童。这些儿童中有14,081人完成了问卷，对应于访谈家庭中5岁以下儿童的应答率为95.5%。在州级层面，家庭应答率最高的是南达尔富尔，为99.3%，而最低的是西科尔多凡，为93.4%。农村地区的应答率（98.5%）略高于城市地区的应答率（96.8%）。15-49岁合格妇女的最高应答率为吉齐拉州的96.6%，而最低应答率为北达尔富尔的78.1%。同样，5岁以下合格儿童的最高应答率记录在吉齐拉州，为96.9%，而最低应答率也是在北达尔富尔，为87.9%。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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调查中使用了三种类型的问卷：
1. 家庭问卷：用于收集有关所有法定家庭成员、家庭和住宅的信息。
2. 妇女问卷：在每个家庭中对所有15-49岁的妇女进行发放。
3. 5岁以下儿童问卷：向居住在户内的所有5岁以下儿童的母亲或监护人进行发放。

数据清理操作
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使用人口普查和调查处理系统（CSPro）软件包，版本5.0将数据输入计算机。数据由40名数据录入操作员和9名数据录入监督员在32台台式计算机上录入。为确保数据质量，所有问卷都进行了双重录入，并执行了内部一致性检查。在整个过程中使用了全球MICS项目下开发和针对苏丹问卷进行适配的程序和标准程序。数据录入始于2014年9月14日，并于11月27日完成。数据使用统计软件包社会科学（SPSS）软件，版本21进行分析。由全球MICS团队开发的模型语法和表格计划进行了定制并用于此目的。

应答率
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苏丹MICS 2014基于从18,000户家庭样本中抽取的15,801户家庭的代表性样本。苏丹的所有18个州的整体应答率为98%。

抽样误差估计
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2014年MICS在苏丹进行时，面临着持续的长期武装冲突和达尔富尔和科尔多凡州以及高风险采矿区的许多人口流动的非常具有挑战性的环境。苏丹2014年MICS定义了一个非常大的样本设计。它包括720个聚类（每个州40个），18,000户家庭（每个州1,000户），以确保每个州都有足够的代表性。

在实施现场数据收集期间，国家统计局（CBS）被迫对720个样本中的22个聚类进行替换（占总数的3%）。在红海、西科尔多凡、东达尔富尔和中央达尔富尔的四个州中，替换了最多的聚类。此外，卡萨拉州有两个聚类，南达尔富尔、西达尔富尔、喀土穆和加达雷夫各有一个聚类。替换聚类的主要原因如下：
1. 达尔富尔州的治安问题
2. 卡萨拉州的采矿区
3. 红海的人口流动
4. 加达雷夫州的雨季

CBS从咨询中获得了坚实的抽样专业知识，并通过提供现场工作团队领导，采取了适当的技术措施。明确的指示使得替换能够严格按照统计实践中用邻近的可访问区域替换普查区的做法进行。考虑到样本设计中的临时措施，包括10%的“未应答率”以及从最初计算的所需样本930个聚类到1,000个的扩大。任何因替换而产生的预期误差都被完全吸收。苏丹2014年MICS测量的指标未受到22个聚类替换（从1个到4个）的影响。