Eurobarometer 92.1 (2019)

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. Mobility and Transport, 2. Expectations and concerns of connected and automated driving, 3. Attitudes of Europeans towards air quality, 4. Undeclared work in the European Union.<br>Topics: 1. Mobility and Transport: mode of transport used the longest time on a typical day and reasons for using; mode of transport used in combination with mode of transport used the longest time on a typical day; kind of most often used car: private vehicle, company vehicle, shared vehicle, ride-sharing vehicle, private hire vehicle, taxi, other; type of most frequently used car: conventional fuelled car, zero-emission car, plug-in hybrid car, hybrid car, other type of alternative fuelled car; biggest challenges for transport with regard to daily mobility; willingness to switch a significant part of the personal daily mobility to more environmentally friendly modes of transport; preconditions for switching a significant part of the personal daily mobility to more environmentally friendly modes of transport; reasons for not being willing to switch a significant part of the personal daily mobility to more environmentally friendly modes of transport; amount (in percent) willing to pay more for more environmentally-friendly personal transport; reasons for not being willing to pay more; positive aspects of traditional taxi services in own city or residential area; positive aspects of private hire vehicles; main challenges to address with regard to e-scooters in urban areas; most useful issues with regard to personal mobility: single ticketing tool for all urban journeys, information about environmental or carbon footprint of personal mobility options, possibility to take part in a voluntary scheme to offset personal carbon footprint, digital driving licence valid anywhere in Europe without a physical document, possibility to pay tolls and other charges in real time and directly from smartphone or other devices, simple procedures to access restricted areas (UVARs) in different European cities, possibility to check in and check out a rental car with personal smartphone, faster security checks at the airport, automatic reimbursement and compensation for the infringement of passenger rights, other; number of domestic or international journeys of 300 km or more in the last 12 months; most frequently used mode of transport for those long distance journeys; reasons for using this mode of transport; most important problems in long distance journeys; reasons for using a plane as mode of transport; amount (in percent) willing to pay more for air travel to offset its environmental impact; important factors to influence personal long distance travel planning in favour of a more environmentally friendly solution: better information about CO2 emissions resulting from the travel, alternative modes of transport at a similar or equivalent price, alternative modes of transport that get to the destination as quickly, other, not ready to change long distance travel; frequency of buying goods online or by phone and have them delivered to the home; willingness to do the following in order to make these deliveries more environmentally friendly: pay up to 10% more, wait longer for the delivery, pick up the delivery at a pick-up point, have it delivered by a drone, offset the cost of CO2 emissions resulting from the delivery, other, none; assumed influence of having more information about the CO2 emissions generated by the delivery influence on the choice of delivery method.

2. Expectations and concerns of connected and automated driving: possession of a driving licence; reduced mobility or other mobility constraining disability; discomfort with the following automated assistance functions in vehicles: automated transmission (automated gear shift), cruise control, adaptive cruise control, automated emergency braking, parking assistance, lane-keep assistance, traffic sign recognition, steering assistance, blind-spot monitoring, electronic stability control, adaptive headlights; use of the aforementioned driving assistance functions; perception of information on automated vehicles in the last twelve months; idea of automated vehicles; concern with regard to traveling in a fully automated vehicle under the following conditions: with supervision of a human operator in the vehicle, with remote supervision of a human operator, without supervision of a human operator; concern with regard to transporting own children in a fully automated vehicle under the aforementioned conditions; concern with regard to personal goods being transported in a fully automated vehicle under the aforementioned conditions; concern with regard to the presence of fully automated vehicles on roads as a: pedestrian, cyclist, scooter rider, motorcyclist, traveler in conventional vehicle, passenger in an automated vehicle; concern with regard to the transportation of low-value or high-value goods in fully automated vehicles; most suitable fully automated vehicle use for personal needs: privately owned, ride-sharing service, collective transport service; preferred activities while traveling in a fully automated vehicle: sleep, work, make phone calls, entertainment, listen to music or radio, enjoy the scenery, nothing that could make travelsick, pay attention to vehicle behaviour; concern with regard to traveling in a fully automated vehicle under the following circumstances: possibility to take back control at any time, possibility to take back control if vehicle does not understand the situation, possibility to take back control in an emergency, accident avoidance by the vehicle; considerations with regard to the purchase of a fully automated vehicle; impact of automated and connected vehicles: reduction of accidents, increase of the risk of assaults or terrorist attacks, reduction of traffic congestion, increase of traffic congestion, ability to use travel time for non-driving activities, new target for cyber-attack, threat to privacy, reduction of the need for professional drivers, reduction of the pleasure of driving, improvement of the accessibility of road transport, reduction of travel stress, decrease of travel time, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, more comfortable driving, reduction of travel freedom; concern with regard to sharing vehicle’s data with: other road users, public authorities, private companies; importance of each of the following actors with regard to the deployment of automated and connected vehicles: private companies, public authorities in the own country, EU, international organisations; readiness to use each of the following types of vehicles: fully automated, connected, both; attitude towards the following issues: deployment of fully automated vehicles on roads, deployment of connected vehicles on roads, deployment of both connected and fully automated vehicles on roads.

3. Attitudes of Europeans towards air quality: self-rated knowledge about problems of air quality in the own country; development of air quality in the own country over the last ten years; assessment of each of the following issues as a serious consequence of air pollution: respiratory diseases, cardio-vascular diseases, asthma and allergy, acidification; most effective ways of tackling problems of air quality: apply stricter pollution controls on industrial and energy-production activities, apply stricter controls on emissions from new vehicles, introduce or maintain traffic restrictions in polluted cities, provide more information to the public on health and environmental consequences of air pollution, provide higher financial incentives, ensure better enforcement of existing air quality legislation, introduce stricter air quality legislation, increase taxation on air-polluting activities, improve or maintain citizens’ access to courts to guarantee clean air, apply stricter controls on emissions from residential heating; sufficient action taken to improve air quality in the own country by: households, farmers, energy producers, car manufacturers, public authorities; preferred level of action in tackling air pollution: international, EU, national, regional or local; personal measures taken to reduce harmful emissions into the air in the last two years; attitude towards additional EU measures; awareness of EU air quality standards; assessment of the appropriateness of the existing standards.

4. Undeclared work in the European Union: acquaintances having an unreported employment; expected sanctions for undeclared work; assessment of the risk of being detected in the own country; trust in the following authorities with regard to tackling undeclared work: tax and social security authorities, labour inspectorate; acceptability of selected behaviours: firms hiring private persons and all or part of the salary is not officially declared, firms hiring other firms and activity is not declared to tax or social security authorities, private households hiring private persons and private person does not declare received payment to tax or social security authorities, firm hired by private household does not declare received payment to tax or social security authorities, private or self-employed person evades taxes by not declaring all or part of his income; use of services and purchase of products supposed to include undeclared work; kind of products or services; recipient of payment; reasons for the purchase on the black market; payment of salary by the employer without payment of taxes; kind of income received without taxes: part of renumeration for regular work, overtime (including extra work or bonuses), both; percentage of annual gross salary which was paid unreported; openness to receive undeclared payments; refusal of undeclared payments in the last twelve months; number of employees of own employer; own undeclared paid activities in the last twelve months; sector of own undeclared paid activities; kind of own undeclared paid activities; arrangement of these activities through a mobile application or an online tool; client; reasons for own undeclared work; extent of own undeclared paid activities; characteristics of own undeclared paid activities: undertaken on own account, undertaken as waged work for an employer, mixture of both waged work and own-account work, undertaken for a partner or family business, other; own employment and wages: no formal written contract, fixed cash supplement to official declared wage, variable cash supplement to official declared wage, variable payment depending on total numbers of hours worked with only a fixed amount being declared, fixed payment plus occasional undeclared payments, dominant client provides at least 75 % of personal income, personal authority to make business decisions, payment of weekly or monthly fee, employees, personal authority to hire or dismiss employees; estimated percentage of the population in the own country doing undeclared work.

Demography: age; nationality; life satisfaction; frequency of discussions about political matters on national, European, and local level; occupation; professional position; countries of work experience; left-right self-placement; marital status; sex; age at end of education; type of community; household composition and household size; own a mobile phone and fixed (landline) phone; financial difficulties during the last year; internet use (at home, at work, at school); self-reported belonging to the working class, the middle class or the upper class of society.

Additionally coded was: respondent ID; country; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; number of persons present during the interview; respondent cooperation; size of locality; region; language of the interview; nation group; weighting factor.