What are the main factors that affect birth rate?

The question posed in this study is as follows: What are the main factors that affect birth rates? In today's society, one of the most concerning demographic phenomena is the existence of an inverted population pyramid, meaning that the elderly population outnumbers the younger population. This situation raises serious questions about the socio-economic future of a nation, as an ideally functioning society would have a balanced population pyramid, with a larger number of young people ensuring generational renewal. 

This is why it becomes essential to analyze and understand the primary factors that influence birth rates in a population. To address this issue, we have focused our study on the Spanish context, specifically on the country's provinces. Choosing the provinces as the unit of analysis allows for a more detailed approach, taking into account the regional particularities of Spain, where birth rates vary across different areas. 

In order to provide a more precise and well-grounded answer, we have decided to study a period of 20 years, from 2002 to 2022. This time frame will allow us to observe birth rate trends and understand how various internal and external factors have influenced their evolution.