Basis for classification of UHII.

The rapid urbanization process has led to many prominent environmental issues in urban areas, resulting from a drastic change in land use. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is of particular concern because it has a significant impact on the livability of cities. Therefore, exploring and studying the intensity of UHI and its future distribution have significant practical implications. In this study, the CNN-LSTM-Attention model was constructed to predict four remote sensing spectral indices, and combined with the CA-Markov model to predict land use change. The relationship between four different spectral indices and the intensity of UHI was analyzed by a multiple linear regression model (R2 = 0.7468, RMSE = 0.0546), and the UHI intensity and distribution in 2025 were predicted and analyzed. The results show that by 2025, the proportion of built-up area will continue to increase by 1.37 percentage points, which will lead to a more intense and concentrated UHI effect, and the proportion of heat island area will increase by 2.97 percentage points. The study shows that increasing vegetation area and water area can effectively alleviate the impact of UHI. Local government departments formulate reasonable policies based on survey results, reduce over-radiation, improve urban livability, and promote sustainable development.