CJCZO -- GIS/Map Data -- EEMT -- Jemez River Basin -- (2010-2010)

Yearly effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT) (MJ m−2 yr−1) was calculated for the Valles Calders, upper part of the Jemez River basin by summing the 12 monthly values. Effective energy and mass flux varies seasonally, especially in the desert southwestern United States where contemporary climate includes a bimodal precipitation distribution that concentrates in winter (rain or snow depending on elevation) and summer monsoon periods. This seasonality of EEMT flux into the upper soil surface can be estimated by calculating EEMT on a monthly basis as constrained by solar radiation (Rs), temperature (T), precipitation (PPT), and the vapor pressure deficit (VPD): EEMT = f(Rs,T,PPT,VPD). Here we used a multiple linear regression model to calculate the monthly EEMT that accounts for VPD, PPT, and locally modified T across the terrain surface. These EEMT calculations were made using data from the PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University (www.prismclimate.org). Climate data are provided at an 800-m spatial resolution for input precipitation and minimum and maximum temperature normals and at a 4000-m spatial resolution for dew-point temperature (Daly et al., 2002). The PRISM climate data, however, do not account for localized variation in EEMT that results from smaller spatial scale changes in slope and aspect as occurs within catchments. To address this issue, these data were then combined with 10-m digital elevation maps to compute the effects of local slope and aspect on incoming solar radiation and hence locally modified temperature (Yang et al., 2007). Monthly average dew-point temperatures were computed using 10 yr of monthly data (2000–2009) and converted to vapor pressure. Precipitation, temperature, and dew-point data were resampled on a 10-m grid using spline interpolation. Monthly solar radiation data (direct and diffuse) were computed using ArcGIS Solar Analyst extension (ESRI, Redlands, CA) and 10-m elevation data (USGS National Elevation Dataset [NED] 1/3 Arc-Second downloaded from the National Map Seamless Server at seamless.usgs.gov). Locally modified temperature was used to compute the saturated vapor pressure, and the local VPD was estimated as the difference between the saturated and actual vapor pressures. The regression model was derived using the ISOHYS climate data set comprised of approximately 30-yr average monthly means for more than 300 weather stations spanning all latitudes and longitudes (IAEA).

年度有效能量与物质迁移率（EEMT，单位：MJ m−2 yr−1）通过累加12个月的月度值计算得出，该值适用于杰梅兹河流域的瓦列斯卡尔德斯地区。有效能量与物质通量呈现季节性变化，尤其在沙漠西南部的美国地区，当代气候特征为双峰降水分布，降水集中在冬季（雨或雪，取决于海拔）和夏季季风期间。这种EEMT通量对表层土壤的季节性影响可以通过按月计算EEMT来估算，该计算受限于太阳辐射（Rs）、温度（T）、降水量（PPT）和蒸汽压亏缺（VPD）：EEMT = f(Rs,T,PPT,VPD)。在本研究中，我们采用多重线性回归模型计算月度EEMT，该模型考虑了地形表面上的VPD、PPT以及局部修正后的温度。这些EEMT的计算基于俄勒冈州立大学的PRISM气候小组（www.prismclimate.org）提供的数据。气候数据以800米的空间分辨率提供，包括输入降水量、平均最低温度和最高温度，以及以4000米的空间分辨率提供的露点温度（Daly等，2002年）。然而，PRISM气候数据并未考虑由于流域内较小尺度坡度和方位变化导致的局部EEMT变化。为解决这一问题，这些数据随后与10米分辨率的数字高程图相结合，以计算局部坡度和方位对入射太阳辐射的影响，从而推断出局部修正后的温度（Yang等，2007年）。利用2000年至2009年10年的月度数据计算了月平均露点温度，并将其转换为蒸汽压。降水量、温度和露点数据在10米网格上使用样条插值法进行了重采样。月度太阳辐射数据（直接辐射和散射辐射）使用ArcGIS Solar Analyst扩展（ESRI，雷德兰兹，CA）和10米高程数据（USGS国家高程数据集[1/3 Arc-Second]，从国家地图无缝服务器seamless.usgs.gov下载）计算得出。局部修正后的温度用于计算饱和蒸汽压，而局部VPD则被估计为饱和蒸汽压与实际蒸汽压之差。回归模型是通过使用ISOHYS气候数据集推导出来的，该数据集包含约30年的平均月平均值，覆盖了全球所有经纬度，涉及超过300个气象站（IAEA）。