Supplementary Table - Foraminiferal environmental DNA reveals late Holocene sea-level changes

Reconstructing past relative sea level provides critical insight into the mechanisms driving sea-level change and informs future projections. Foraminifera are widely used sea-level indicators, but their application is often limited by poor preservation. Here, we demonstrate that foraminiferal environmental DNA and sedimentary ancient DNA provide a complementary approach to traditional morphological methods for relative sea-level reconstruction. By analyzing surface sediments and a core from subtropical intertidal environments in the Pearl River Delta we found a clear vertical zonation in environmental DNA assemblage consistent with morphological results. An environmental DNA-based transfer function enabled high-resolution relative sea-level reconstructions with decadal temporal and decimeter vertical, extending back ~1,500 years. Notably, sedimentary ancient DNA preservation extended reconstruction beyond morphological method, which was constrained by taphonomy at our study site. Environmental DNA reconstruction closely matched tide-gauge and geological records, underscoring its potential as a robust tool for reconstructing past relative sea-level and its driving mechanisms.