Data Collected During the Digital Humanities Project 'Dhimmis & Muslims - Analysing Multireligious Spaces in the Medieval Muslim World'

This repository contains historical data collected in the digital humanities project Dhimmis & Muslims – Analysing Multireligious Spaces in the Medieval Muslim World. The project was funded by the VolkswagenFoundation within the scope of the Mixed Methods initiative. The project was a collaboration between the Institute for Medieval History II of the Goethe University in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, and the Institute for Visualization and Interactive Systems at the University of Stuttgart, and took place there from 2018 to 2021. The objective of this joint project was to develop a novel visualization approach in order to gain new insights on the multi-religious landscapes of the Middle East under Muslim rule during the Middle Ages (7th to 14th century). In particular, information on multi-religious communities were researched and made available in a database accessible through interactive visualization as well as through a pilot web-based geo-temporal multi-view system to analyze and compare information from multiple sources. The code for this visualization system is publicly available on GitHub under the MIT license. The data in this repository is a curated database dump containing data collected from a predetermined set of primary historical sources and literature. The core objective of the data entry was to record historical evidence for religious groups in cities of the Medieval Middle East. In the project, data was collected in a relational PostgreSQL database, the structure of which can be reconstructed from the file schema.sql. An entire database dump including both the database schema and the table contents is located in database.sql. The PDF file database-structure.pdf describes the relationship between tables in a graphical schematic. In the database.json file, the contents of the individual tables are stored in JSON format. At the top level, the JSON file is an object. Each table is stored as a key-value pair, where the key is the database name, and the value is an array of table records. Each table record is itself an object of key-value pairs, where the keys are the table columns, and the values are the corresponding values in the record. The dataset is centered around the evidence, which represents one piece of historical evidence as extracted from one or more sources. An evidence must contain a reference to a place and a religion, and may reference a person and one or more time spans. Instances are used to connect evidences to places, persons, and religions; and additional metadata are stored individually in the instances. Time instances are connected to the evidence via a time group to allow for more than one time span per evidence. An evidence is connected via one or more source instances to one or more sources. Evidences can also be tagged with one or more tags via the tag_evidence table. Places and persons have a type, which are defined in the place type and person type tables. Alternative names for places are stored in the name_var table with a reference to the respective language. For places and persons, references to URIs in other data collections (such as Syriaca.org or the Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire) are also stored, in the external_place_uri and external_person_uri tables. Rules for how to construct the URIs from the fragments stored in the last-mentioned tables are controlled via the uri_namespace and external_database tables. Part of the project was to extract historical evidence from digitized texts, via annotations. Annotations are placed in a document, which is a digital version of a source. An annotation can be one of the four instance types, thereby referencing a place, person, religion, or time group. A reference to the annotation is stored in the instance, and evidences are constructed from annotations by connecting the respective instances in an evidence tuple.

本存储库收录了数字人文项目“基督教与穆斯林——分析中世纪伊斯兰世界的多宗教空间”所收集的历史数据。该项目由大众汽车基金会（VolkswagenFoundation）在混合方法倡议框架下资助。该项目是法兰克福-美因河畔的德国哥廷根大学第二中世纪历史研究所与斯图加特大学的可视化与交互系统研究所之间的合作项目，项目实施时间为2018年至2021年。该联合项目的目标是开发一种新颖的可视化方法，以获得对中世纪（7世纪至14世纪）穆斯林统治下的中东多宗教景观的新见解。特别是，对多宗教社区的信息进行了研究，并通过交互式可视化以及基于网络的试点地理时间多视角系统，使得这些信息能够被访问和分析。该可视化系统的代码已在GitHub上以MIT许可证公开。存储库中的数据是经过精选的数据库转储，其中包含从预定的历史原始资料和文献中收集的数据。数据录入的核心目标是记录中世纪中东城市中宗教团体的历史证据。在项目中，数据以关系型数据库PostgreSQL的形式收集，其结构可以通过文件schema.sql重建。包含数据库架构和表内容的完整数据库转储位于database.sql文件中。PDF文件database-structure.pdf以图形图表的形式描述了表之间的关系。在database.文件中，单个表的內容以JSON格式存储。在顶级结构中，JSON文件是一个对象。每个表都存储为键值对，其中键是数据库名称，值是表记录的数组。每个表记录本身也是一个键值对的对象，其中键是表列，值是记录中的对应值。该数据集以证据为中心，每一项证据均代表从一种或多种来源中提取的历史证据。一项证据必须包含一个地点和一种宗教的引用，并可能引用一个人和多个时间段。实例用于将证据与地点、人物和宗教相连接；附加元数据存储在各个实例中。通过时间组将时间实例与证据连接，以便每个证据可以有多个时间段。一项证据通过一个或多个来源实例与一个或多个来源相连接。证据还可以通过tag_evidence表标记一个或多个标签。地点和人物具有类型，这些类型在地点类型和人物类型表中定义。地点的替代名称存储在name_var表中，并附带相应的语言引用。对于地点和人物，外部数据集合（如Syriaca.org或罗马帝国数字地图）中的URI引用也存储在外部_place_uri和external_person_uri表中。如何从最后提到的表中存储的片段构建URI的规则由uri_namespace和external_database表控制。项目的一部分是从数字化文本中通过注释提取历史证据。注释放置在文档中，这是来源的数字版本。注释可以是四种实例类型之一，从而引用地点、人物、宗教或时间组。在实例中存储了对注释的引用，并通过将相应的实例在证据元组中连接起来，从注释构建证据。