Analgesics consumption in a large sample of patients in musculoskeletal rehabilitation

The aim of the current study was to evaluate analgesic consumption and its association with different variables (demographic variables, pain, anxiety/depression, catastrophism, kinesiophobia), in the field of musculoskeletal rehabilitation.
The following analgesic medications were compiled by using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification: paracetamol, metamizole, NSAIDs, opioids (mainly tramadol, codeine, and oxycodone), antiepileptics (gabapentin, pregabalin) and some antidepressants (duloxetine, amitriptyline, venlafaxine, clomipramine).
Patients were classified according to the highest level of medication received, in 3 categories: no analgesics (NA), non-opioid analgesics (NOA), and opioid analgesics (OPA).