Data from: Structure-function covariation with nonfeeding ecological variables influences evolution of feeding specialization in Carnivora

Skull shape convergence is pervasive among vertebrates. Although this is
frequently inferred to indicate similar functional underpinnings, neither
the specific structure-function linkages nor the selective environments in
which the supposed functional adaptations arose are commonly identified
and tested. We demonstrate that nonfeeding factors relating to sexual
maturity and precipitation-related arboreality also can generate
structure-function relationships in the skulls of carnivorans (dogs, cats,
seals, and relatives) through covariation with masticatory performance. We
estimated measures of masticatory performance related to ecological
variables that covary with cranial shape in the mammalian order Carnivora,
integrating geometric morphometrics and finite element analyses. Even
after accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation, cranial shapes are
significantly correlated to both feeding and nonfeeding ecological
variables, and covariation with both variable types generated significant
masticatory performance gradients. This suggests that mechanisms of
obligate shape covariation with nonfeeding variables can produce
performance changes resembling those arising from feeding adaptations in
Carnivora.