All-Electrochem-Active Graphite Electrode Enabled by Manipulating Li+ Activity of Inactive Components for High-Energy Batteries

The dataset contains original TIFF/PNG and PDF data from original research. Precisely, there are six final, complex Figures, one Table, and one final PDF version of the Supporting Information below::

Figure 1. Schematic depicting a typical electrode (left) and the all-electrochem-active graphite electrode (right), with inset schemes showing transport of lithium ions in the TiO2−x@C conductive additives (top) and MXene binders (bottom). For detailed morphological characterization, please refer to the SEM images in Figure S1 in Supporting Information.pdf

Figure 2. (a) Optical image, (b) SEM image, (c) TEM image, (d) XRD pattern, (e) FTIR spectrum, and (f) O 1s XPS spectrum of MXene. (g) CV of the MXene electrode at a scan rate of 0.2 mV s−1. (h) Cycling performance of the MXene electrode at 0.2C. (i) Voltage-capacity curves of MXene electrode at different current densities

Figure 3. (a) SEM image, (b) TEM image, (c) STEM image, and corresponding elemental mappings of TiO2−x@C. (d) Electrical conductivity tests of TiO2−x@C and commercial carbon black SP. (e) XRD pattern and (f) O 1s XPS spectrum of TiO2−x@C. (g) CV of the TiO2−x@C electrode at a scan rate of 0.2 mV s−1. (h) Cycling performance of the TiO2−x@C electrode at 0.2C. (i) Voltage-capacity curves of the TiO2−x@C electrode at different current densities

Figure 4. (a) CV of the AEA-G electrode during the first three cycles at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1. (b) Voltage-capacity curves of the AEA-G and PS-G electrodes in the first cycle. (c) Rate performance, (d) long-term cycling performance at 0.2C, (e) average CE, and (f) long-term cycling performance at 1C of the AEA-G and PS-G electrode. Mass loading of all electrodes is 1.2 mg cm−2. (g) Comparison of the electrochemical performance of the AEA-G electrode with graphite electrodes reported in the literature

Figure 5. (a) EIS curves. (b) RSEI statistics and (c) Rct statistics of the AEA-G and PS-G electrodes in different cycles. (d) CVs obtained at different scanning rates. (e) Relationship between the peak current and scan rate of the AEA-G electrode. (f) Contribution ratios of the capacitive and diffusion-controlled processes at different scanning rates for the AEA-G and PS-G electrodes. (g) GITT curves of the AEA-G electrode. (h) Li+ diffusion coefficients for the AEA-G and PS-G electrodes during the delithiation process

Figure 6. In situ XRD patterns of (a) AEA-G electrode and (b) PS-G electrode recorded during lithiation and delithiation processes. SEM image of (c) AEA-G electrode and (d) PS-G electrode after 100 cycles of charge and discharge. (e) Raman spectra of AEA-G electrode after 100 cycles of charge and discharge. (f) Raman spectra, (g) F 1s and (h) O 1s XPS spectrum of AEA-G electrode and PS-G electrode after 100 cycles of charge and discharge

Table 1. Comparison of the Different Parameters of the AEA-G and PS-G Electrodes

Funding:

This work was supported by the following:

European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No. 101087143 (Electron Beam Emergent Additive Manufacturing (EBEAM)

RE-FRESH Research Excellence for Region Sustainability and High-tech Industries (Project No. CZ.10.03.01/00/22 003/0000048) via an EU operational program

National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52071225)

Norway Grants project No. 2019/34/H/ST8/00547 through the National Science Centre

National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB3800300)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 22179143 and 22002176).

Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent.