Artificial Intelligence and Digital Diplomacy: Strategic Challenges and Opportunities for Emerging Southeast Asian States

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is quickly transforming the practice of international diplomacy. While much attention has been given to how advanced countries use AI to influence foreign policy, it is equally important to explore how emerging states in Southeast Asia are adapting to these changes. This article looks at five nations—Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore—and how they are beginning to incorporate AI tools into their diplomatic efforts. Through qualitative case studies drawing on government policies, media sources, and expert interviews, the research examines AI’s role in policy forecasting, engaging with the public online, and managing digital reputations.The study finds that although these countries see AI as a valuable tool to improve diplomatic responsiveness and global presence, they also face notable obstacles. These include dependence on foreign technology, gaps in ethical and regulatory measures, and a shortage of digital expertise within government institutions. Still, encouraging developments are underway, with states experimenting with AI-driven approaches to track social narratives, react promptly to public sentiment, and enhance communication between diplomats and global audiences.Crucially, the article emphasizes that successfully leveraging AI in diplomacy requires more than just technology—it demands political commitment, regional cooperation, and inclusive governance. Investing in shared digital infrastructure and fostering collaboration across Southeast Asia can strengthen strategic independence and reduce reliance on external AI providers. By highlighting how diplomacy is evolving in this fast-changing region, the study offers important insights for the wider Global South and deepens our understanding of AI’s impact on international relations today.