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ARFGAP, cargo, vSNARES and p24 proteins bind COPI vesicles at Golgi

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Binding and polymerization of coatomer is coordinated with the incorporation of cargo proteins and Golgi-targeting snares, as well as with recruitment of ARFGAP proteins (Letourneur et al, 1994; Nagahama et al,1996; Bremser et al, 1999). <br>Typical cargo for COPI-mediated retrograde traffic includes the KDEL receptors, which bind and recycle ER-resident proteins, as well as other cycling proteins such as SURF4 that interacts with p24 proteins and contributes to Golgi maintenance (Cosson and Letourner, 1994; Ben-Tekaya et al, 2005; Majoul et al, 2001; Orci et al, 1997, Bremser et al, 1999; Presley et al, 1997; Mitrovic et al, 2008; reviewed in Beck et al, 2009). <br>Other protein components of the COPI vesicle include the p24 family of proteins, which serve diverse roles in the early secretory pathway (reviewed in Schuiki and Volchuk, 2012). Oligomeric p24 proteins interact with ADP-bound ARF and components of the COPI coat, contributing to coatomer recruitment and oligomerization (Gommel et al, 2001; Majoul et al, 2001; Bethune et al, 2006; Harter and Wieland, 1998; Langer et al, 2008; Reinhard et al, 1999). p24 proteins also act as cargo receptors for various proteins destined for packaging in COPI vesicles; these include GPI-anchored transmembrane proteins, WNT ligands and some G-protein coupled receptors, among others (Takida et al, 2008; Bonnon et al, 2010; Luo et al, 2011; Beuchling et al, 2011; Wang and Kazanietz, 2002; reviewed in Schuiki and Volchuk, 2012). p24 proteins also contribute to COPI coat disassembly by restricting ARF GTPase activity until cargo has been loaded (Goldberg, 2000; Lanoix et al, 2001). <br>ARFGAPs are recruited to the budding vesicle through direct interaction with active ARF, the cytoplasmic tails of cargo proteins and with components of the COPI coat (Goldberg, 2000; Majoul et al, 2001; Aoe et al, 1997; Kliouchnikov et al, 2009; Luo et al, 2009). Stimulation of ARF GTPase activity is coordinated with cargo recruitment to ensure that only cargo-loaded vesicles are produced (Goldberg, 2000; Luo et al, 2009). <br>Mammalian cells have 3 ARFGAPs that appear to be involved in COPI-mediated traffic, ARFGAP1,2 and 3 (Frigerio et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2001; Kahn et al, 2008). ARFGAP1 has a ALPS domain that recognizes membrane curvature and that is required for the GTPase stimulating activity of the protein, suggesting a mechanism for coordinating ARF1-mediated GTP hydrolysis with vesicle formation (Bigay et al, 2003; Mesmin et al, 2007). ARFGAP 2 and 3 do not contain this motif, and their activity is dependent upon interaction with coatomer (Weimar et al 2008; Kliouchnikov et al, 2009; Luo et al, 2009).

囊泡膜蛋白的结合与聚合与货物蛋白的整合、高尔基体靶向套索的形成以及ARFGAP蛋白的募集协同进行(Letourneur 等人,1994;Nagahama 等人,1996;Bremser 等人,1999)。COPI介导的逆向交通的典型货物包括KDEL受体,这些受体与内质网驻留蛋白结合并实现循环,以及如SURF4等其他循环蛋白,它们与p24蛋白相互作用,并有助于高尔基体的维护(Cosson 和 Letourner,1994;Ben-Tekaya 等人,2005;Majoul 等人,2001;Orci 等人,1997,Bremser 等人,1999;Presley 等人,1997;Mitrovic 等人,2008;参见Beck 等人,2009年的综述)。COPI囊泡的其他蛋白组分包括p24蛋白家族,它们在早期分泌途径中扮演着多样化的角色(参见Schuiki 和 Volchuk,2012年的综述)。寡聚的p24蛋白与ADP结合的ARF及COPI衣被的组分相互作用,从而促进囊泡膜蛋白的募集和寡聚化(Gommel 等人,2001;Majoul 等人,2001;Bethune 等人,2006;Harter 和 Wieland,1998;Langer 等人,2008;Reinhard 等人,1999)。p24蛋白还作为各种蛋白的货物受体,这些蛋白旨在包装进COPI囊泡中;其中包括GPI锚定的跨膜蛋白、WNT配体以及某些G蛋白偶联受体等(Takida 等人,2008;Bonnon 等人,2010;Luo 等人,2011;Beuchling 等人,2011;Wang 和 Kazanietz,2002;参见Schuiki 和 Volchuk,2012年的综述)。p24蛋白还通过限制ARF GTP酶活性直到货物装载完成,从而促进COPI衣被的解聚(Goldberg,2000;Lanoix 等人,2001)。ARFGAPs通过直接与活性ARF、货物蛋白的细胞质尾以及COPI衣被的组分相互作用而被募集到芽生囊泡上(Goldberg,2000;Majoul 等人,2001;Aoe 等人,1997;Kliouchnikov 等人,2009;Luo 等人,2009)。ARF GTP酶活性的刺激与货物募集的协调,以确保仅产生装载了货物的囊泡(Goldberg,2000;Luo 等人,2009)。哺乳动物细胞中存在3种ARFGAPs,它们似乎参与COPI介导的交通,分别为ARFGAP1、2和3(Frigerio 等人,2007;Liu 等人,2001;Kahn 等人,2008)。ARFGAP1具有ALPS结构域,该结构域能够识别膜曲率,并对于蛋白的GTP酶激活活性是必需的,这暗示了一种协调ARF1介导的GTP水解与囊泡形成的机制(Bigay 等人,2003;Mesmin 等人,2007)。ARFGAP 2和3不含此基序,它们的活性依赖于与囊泡膜蛋白的相互作用(Weimar 等人,2008;Kliouchnikov 等人,2009;Luo 等人,2009)。
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