DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF FORTRESS AND URBAN DEFENSE SYSTEMS IN ANCIENT CENTRAL ASIA

This article analyzes the main characteristics of fortress and urban defense systems that developed in the territory of Ancient Central Asia from the 10th century BCE to the 4th century CE. Based on archaeological sources, the construction techniques of defensive walls, towers, gates, and internal fortifications, as well as their military-strategic significance, are examined. Furthermore, the study considers the relationship between defensive structures and natural-geographical conditions, as well as similarities and differences with other ancient civilizations. The research shows that defensive architecture in Ancient Central Asia reached a high level of development and was shaped by local construction traditions and military needs.