Transcriptomic analysis and high dimensional phenotypic mapping of mononuclear phagocytes in mesenteric lymph nodes reveal differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Background and Aims: Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC] are distinct forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Heterogeneity of HLA-DR+SIRPα + mononuclear phagocytes [MNPs], including macrophages [MΦ], monocyte-derived [Mono] cells, and dendritic cells [DCs], was reported in gut tissue but not yet investigated in mesenteric lymph nodes [MLNs] of IBD patients. We here compared the phenotype, function, and molecular profile of HLA-DR+SIRPα+ MNPs in CD and UC MLNs. Methods: Cell distribution, morphology, immune function, and transcriptomic [bulk RNAseq] and high-dimensional protein expression profiles [CyTOF] of HLA-DR+SIRPα+ MNPs were examined in MLNs of UC [n = 14], CD [n = 35], and non-IBD [n = 12] patients. Results: Elevated frequencies of CD14+CD64+CD163+ [Mono/MΦ-like] MNPs displaying monocyte/ MΦ morphology and phagocytic function were a distinct feature of UC MLNs. In CD, the proportion of CD14-CD64-CD163- [DC-like] cells was augmented relative to Mono/MΦ-like cells; DC-like cells drove naïve T cell proliferation, Th1 polarisation, and Th17 TCM plasticity. Gene expression profile corroborated the nature of DC-like cells, best represented by BTLA, SERPINF, IGJ and, of Mono/MΦ- like cells, defined by CD163, MARCO, MAFB, CD300E, S100A9 expression. CyTOF analysis showed that CD123+ plasmacytoid cells predominated over conventional DCs in DC-like cells. Four CD163+ clusters were revealed in Mono/MΦ-like cells, two of which were enriched in MARCO-CD68dimHLA-DRdim monocyte-like cells and MARCOhiCD68hiHLA-DRhi Mɸ, whose proportion increased in UC relative to CD. Conclusions: Defining the landscape of MNPs in MLNs provided evidence for expansion of CD163+ Mono/MΦ-like cells in UC only, highlighting a distinction between UC and CD, and thus the potential contribution of monocyte-like cells in driving colitis. Bulk RNA sequencing of FACS-sorted CD14+CD64+CD163+ and CD14-CD64-CD163- populations from MLNs of 5 UC and 7 CD patients