File S1 - First Early Hominin from Central Africa (Ishango, Democratic Republic of Congo)

File includes supporting text, supporting figures, and supporting tables.
supporting text:
Text S1. Previous evidence of hominin occupation in the Western Rift Valley
Text S2. Ishango Site
Text S2.1 History of excavations
Text S2.2 Stratigraphy and Dating
Text S2.3 Origin of #Ish25 upper molar
Text S3. Raman spectroscopic analysis
Text S4. Morphometric comparison
Text S4.1 Crown dimensions
Text S4.2 Cusp area analysis
Text S4.3 Two- and three-dimensional dental tissue proportions
Text S4.4 Enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) morphology References
Supporting Figures:
Figure S1. The excavation plan at Ishango 11
Figure S2. Schematized stratigraphic section of the ten first meters of Ishango N43GE trench
Figure S3. Letter from de Heinzelin to Twiesselmann dated to Sunday 23rd of April 1950. Recto
Figure S4. Letter from de Heinzelin to Twiesselmann dated to Sunday 23rd of April 1950. Verso
Figure S5. First page of the Heinzelin notebook
Figure S6. Letter from de Heinzelin to the director of the RBINS dated to the 16th of February 1951
Figure S7. First sketch of a stratigraphical section with the definition of the archaeological layers
Figure S8. First map of the Ishango excavation dated from the 5th to 9th of May 1950
Figure S9. Photographs of the teeth from the LSA human assemblage (NFPr level) that were used as comparative samples for the Raman spectroscopic analyses
Figure S10. Bivariate plot of the crown diameters of #Ish25 and the comparative sample (cf. Table S1)
Figure S11. Bivariate plot of the relative paracone area in relation to the relative metacone area. Comparative samples as in Table S2
Figure S12. Scatter plot of the first and second principal components of the PCA on relative cusp areas. Comparative samples as in Table S2
Figure S13. Adjusted Z-scores of the two-dimensional dental tissue proportions of #Ish25
Figure S14. Bivariate plot of the volume of coronal dentine (DPVOL) and the relative enamel thickness (RET3D)
Figure S15. Illustration of landmarks collected on the ridge curve, cervix curve and main dentine horns
Figure S16. Comparison of the EDJ shape of #Ish25
Supporting Tables:
Table S1. Crown dimensions (mm) of #Ish25 and the comparative group means and standard deviations
Table S2. Comparison of crown and cusp areas between Ishango #Ish25 and comparative fossil groups (mm2)
Table S3. Two-dimensional dental tissue proportions of M1 #Ish25 and the first upper molar comparative samples
Table S4. Three-dimensional dental tissue proportion of M1 #Ish25 and the pooled upper molar comparative samples
Table S5. First molar sample used to analyze EDJ shape of the #Ish25 molar
Table S6. Second molar sample used to assess the classification of #Ish25 as a first molar
Table S7. Classification of the M1/M2 comparative sample using a cross-validated CVA
(DOC)