Urbanization and primary productivity mediate the predator-prey relationship between deer and coyotes

Predator-prey interactions are important to regulating populations and structuring communities but are affected by many dynamic, complex factors, across larges-scales, making them difficult to study. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a potential solution to understanding predator-prey relationships by providing a framework for leveraging many different datasets and testing hypotheses about interactive factors. Here, we evaluate the coyote-deer (Canis latrans – Odocoileus virginianus) predator-prey relationship across the state of North Carolina (NC). Because both species have similar habitat requirements and may respond to human disturbance, we considered net primary productivity (NPP) and urbanization as key mediating factors. We estimated deer survival and fecundity by integrating camera trap, harvest, biological and hunter observation datasets into a two-stage, two-sex Lefkovich population projection matrix. We allowed survival and fecundity to vary as functions of urbanizati..., Survival and harvest rates:
We used the dynamic N-mixture model of Zipkin et al. (2014) to estimate stage and sex-based survival and harvest rates from stage-at-harvest data collected statewide from 2012-2017 over all 100 counties of North Carolina. The stage-at-harvest data were collected by county each year for two stages for male deer (adults and fawns about to transition to adulthood (i.e., button bucks)) and does. We assumed that all button bucks were fawns and all females were adults. The census took place right before fawns transitioned to adulthood and we considered all fawns to reach adulthood at one year of age.
Fawn:doe ratio:
To represent hunted populations, we used 2017 hunter observation data from each county of NC. Hunters documented what species they observed on their hunts, given the number of hours they spent hunting, to get an index of abundance. The location of these observations was known only to the county level. Hunters were instructed to report their hunting acti..., ,