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The rapid freezing method was used to investigate the frost resistance of concrete made with steel slag fine aggregate (SSFAC), where SSFA was employed as a substitute for conventional fine aggregates. Frost resistance and durability tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. As the proportion of steel slag increased, both the mass loss and the reduction in relative dynamic elastic modulus were minimized, indicating improved frost resistance in the specimens. The microstructure of SSFAC was analyzed, focusing on the microscopic properties of cement hydration products. Notably, specimens containing 25% and 50% SSFA exhibited significantly better frost resistance compared to ordinary concrete. This suggests that incorporating an optimal amount of SSFA enhances the production of hydration products, improving the microstructural integrity of the interfacial transition zones (ITZs) within SSFAC. The Weibull model proved effective in predicting the freeze-thaw durability of SSFAC in the cold regions of northern China. To meet the durability requirements specified in GB/T 50746-2008, it is recommended that the proportion of recycled aggregate not exceed 50%.