cleaned_data_for_sem.csvSwitching Behavior in Public Services: Will Citizens Prefer Service Robots

To enhance the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, a pretest was conducted with three staff members working in government service halls and ten citizens who had previously used public service robots. Based on their feedback, several items were refined. The main data collection was carried out over a five-month period, from May to October 2024, through on-site distribution of questionnaires. Respondents were recruited in government service halls across several districts of Beijing, including Xicheng, Dongcheng, Haidian, Fengtai, Chaoyang, Changping, Fangshan, and Daxing, and only individuals who had prior experience with public service robots were invited to complete the survey.