苹果矮化砧木新品种选育与应用及砧木铁高效机理研究

本成果从1973年开始，历经38年完成。成果内容主要为：（1）育种获得早果、丰产、抗寒的苹果矮化中间砧：1978年，用国光×河南海棠进行种间杂交，陆续选育出SH系矮化砧木 2000年以后，选育出综合性状优良的苹果矮化无性系中间砧砧木品种 ‘SH1。继1973年配置杂交组合西伯利亚酸苹果、美国酸苹果×M9，其后选育出‘GM-256后 1974年配置杂交组合红太平×M9，历经27年育成早实、丰产、抗寒、抗腐烂病的苹果无性系中间砧砧木品种‘GM-310。（2）选育出铁高效、矮化的苹果自根砧‘中砧1号砧木：从1984年开始研究，历经25年，从小金海棠优系中选育出我国第一个综合性状优良的（半）矮化苹果无性系自根砧砧木品种-‘中砧1号 其根系发达，生长一致性好，整齐度高 与栽培品种嫁接亲和性好，半矮化，耐旱性、抗寒力强。在现有苹果砧木常出现缺铁黄化现象的土壤中正常生长，不表现缺铁黄化现象。（3）基本明确了苹果铁高效的（分子）机理：从1987年起，通过生物学、生理生化学、根际学、组织解剖学等方面的系统观测，提出了苹果吸收利用铁素的生理机理。在此基础上，1996年至今，已克隆到苹果吸收、转运、利用铁素的相关基因8个，基本明确了这些基因的功能及其在苹果铁素吸收利用中的作用，并据此提出了“苹果吸收利用铁素的分子机理”。（4）对砧木的致矮机理及砧穗互作关系有了更明确的认识：对矮化自根砧（中砧1号）、矮化中间砧（SH系、M9）致矮机理及嫁接后砧穗互作关系的研究表明，砧木影响树体大小主要是细胞分裂素和生长素的作用。矮化自根砧致矮可能是根中细胞分裂素合成能力差、造成地上部器官获得的细胞分裂素量减少，导致生长素含量下降而使树体矮化的。

This achievement was completed over 38 years starting from 1973. Its main contents are as follows:
1. Breeding of early-fruiting, high-yielding, cold-resistant apple dwarfing interstocks: In 1978, interspecific hybridization was carried out using 'Ralls Janet' × *Malus honanensis*, and the SH-series dwarfing rootstocks were successively selected. After 2000, the apple dwarfing clonal interstock cultivar 'SH1' with excellent comprehensive traits was bred. Following the configuration of the hybrid combinations Siberian crab apple × M9 and American crab apple × M9 in 1973, the cultivar 'GM-256' was subsequently developed. In 1974, the hybrid combination 'Hongtaiping' × M9 was configured, and after 27 years of breeding, the apple clonal interstock cultivar 'GM-310' with early fruiting, high yield, cold resistance and resistance to apple valsa canker was obtained.
2. Breeding of the iron-efficient, dwarfing apple own-root rootstock 'Zhongzhen 1': Starting from 1984 and taking 25 years, the first (semi-)dwarfing apple clonal own-root rootstock cultivar 'Zhongzhen 1' with excellent comprehensive traits in China was selected from the elite line of *Malus xiaojinensis*. It has well-developed root systems, good growth uniformity and high consistency, exhibits good grafting compatibility with cultivated varieties, is semi-dwarfing, and has strong drought resistance and cold tolerance. It can grow normally in soils where iron-deficiency chlorosis often occurs in existing apple rootstocks, without showing iron-deficiency chlorosis symptoms.
3. Clarification of the (molecular) mechanism of apple iron efficiency: Since 1987, through systematic observations in biology, physiological biochemistry, rhizosphere science and histoanatomy, the physiological mechanism of apple iron absorption and utilization was proposed. On this basis, from 1996 to the present, 8 genes related to iron absorption, transport and utilization in apple have been cloned, and their functions and roles in apple iron absorption and utilization have been basically clarified. Accordingly, the 'molecular mechanism of apple iron absorption and utilization' was put forward.
4. Improved understanding of the dwarfing mechanism of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion interaction relationship: Studies on the dwarfing mechanism of dwarfing own-root rootstocks ('Zhongzhen 1') and dwarfing interstocks (SH-series, M9) and the rootstock-scion interaction after grafting show that the effect of rootstocks on tree size is mainly mediated by cytokinin and auxin. The dwarfing effect of dwarfing own-root rootstocks may be due to the poor cytokinin synthesis ability in roots, resulting in reduced cytokinin supply to aboveground organs, leading to decreased auxin content and thus tree dwarfing.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集总结了苹果矮化砧木新品种的选育与应用，包括多个优良品种的选育过程和特点，以及砧木铁高效机理的研究成果。数据集还涉及砧木的致矮机理及砧穗互作关系的深入研究。