Variety, convergence, and interactions of fish predation cues in eliciting inducible defenses of cladoceran species

Predation cues play a crucial role in modulating predator-prey interactions in aquatic systems by triggering inducible defenses in prey. In this study, we examined the behavioral, morphological and life history responses of seven cladoceran species to six simulated predation cues, including no predation cues (C), alarm cues from <i>Daphnia</i> (AD) and <i>Polypedilum</i> (AP), and kairomones from hungry fish (KH), fish fed on <i>Daphnia</i> (KD), and fish fed on <i>Polypedilum</i> (KP), and further investigated the interaction between AD and KP in eliciting inducible defenses of <i>Daphnia</i>.