Correlative structural and thermal studies on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 - Hard Carbon Na-ion battery full cells using operando SAXS and WAXS mapping cou

This study aims to understand the structural implications of the heat evolution at the zero-voltage discharge of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 positive and hard carbon negative electrodes in pouch-formatted sodium-ion battery full cells. To achieve this, operando scanning SAXS and WAXS will be simultaneously employed, providing insights into the (nano)structural evolution of both electrodes during electrochemical cycling. Additionally, the thermal evolution will be concurrently monitored using fibre-optic sensors embedded in the cell, providing complementary insights into the reactions occurring at the electrodes and the electrolyte. The integrated and multimodal approach seeks to untangle the complex interplay between structure and temperature as a function of cycling conditions and the nature of the electrolyte, which are known factors that collectively govern battery performance, stability, and degradation.