Accurate individual identification is vital in field studies. Since traditional marking techniques, though effective, can be intrusive and potentially disrupt natural behaviours, identification using
The tri-axial accelerometer (ACC) datasets from European pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) was measured at 100 Hz. Sixty-four tri-axial measurements, totalling 0.64 seconds, were used to f
The experience hypothesis predicts that juvenile birds (including immature and subadult individuals) are more exploratory and bolder than their adults. Alternatively, the habituation hypothesis sugges