Habitat- and age-specific parameter estimates (demographic rates) and environmental variances used to model population growth.

Parameter estimates are based on the age class of the male member of a pair, Y: young (i.e. one year old) males, O: old males. FY: farmyard, CP: cattle pasture, HP: horse pasture, SC: spring crops, AC: autumn crops, OG: other grassland. Numbers in parentheses refer to sample sizes.1Uniform demographic rates, i.e. estimated across all habitat types, were probability of breeding for young (0.645) and old males (0.995; see Methods for details).2The number of fledglings shown here refers to the total number produced by a pair.3Estimated environmental variance component (estimation method differs between demographic rates; see Methods for details). Data were insufficient to calculate environmental variance for probability of breeding.