Mechanisms of microecological imbalance-induced yellow gill syndrome in greenhouse-cultured Litopenaeus vannamei

Yellow Gill Syndrome (YGS) has emerged in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture, characterized by gill yellowing, reduced feeding, and abnormal swimming behavior. Conventional pathogens (Vibrio spp., WSSV, EHP) were undetectable. Mortality rates exceed 50% in severely affected ponds, causing substantial economic losses.