Warmer temperatures reinforce negative land-use impacts on bees, but not on higher insect trophic levels

Climate and land-use change are major drivers of insect decline, yet their interactive effects on insect richness and abundance, especially across trophic levels, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate how temperature and land use shape insect communities across spatial scales and trophic levels, from flowering plants and cavity-nesting bees to hunting wasps, their antagonists, and parasitism rates. Using trap nests and a space-for-time approach, we surveyed 179 plots spanning four habitat types (forest, grassland, arable land, and settlements) across 60 study regions in Germany covering semi-natural, agricultural, and urban landscapes.
Bee richness and abundance responded to climate–land-use interactions across spatial scales, being higher with warmer local daytime temperatures and overall warmer climates, but only in less intensive land uses. In contrast, elevated nighttime temperatures negatively affected bees. Higher trophic levels benefited more consistently from warmer cli..., , , # Warmer temperatures reinforce negative land-use impacts on bees, but not on higher insect trophic levels

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h70rxwdvx](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h70rxwdvx)

## Description of the data and file structure

Data collected on 179 plots within 60 regions from March to September 2019 as part of the LandKlif project.

### Files and variables

#### File: Bee\_Sp\_TrapNests.csv

**Description:** bee species found in the plots and used to produce the rarefaction interpolation curves of Fig. S1.2.

#### File: Wasp\_Sp\_TrapNests.csv

**Description:** wasp species found in the plots and used to produce the rarefaction interpolation curves of Fig. S1.2.

#### File: Data\_local\_TN.csv

**Description:** response and explanatory variables at the local scale.

##### Variables

* PlotID: unique identifier of each study plot
* RegionID: unique identifier of each study region
* POINT_X: longitude of the plot point of this region, coordinate system as \"DHDN_3_Degree_Gauss...,