Gut microbiota perturbations during larval stages in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles after Cu exposure with or without the presence of Pb

The present study showed Cu and Cu+Pb induced histological damage in intestines and disturbed intestinal bacterial diversity and richness in tadpoles. These alterations in the gut microbiota were associated with compromised intestinal barrier function, increased susceptibility to pathogen invasion, and a decline in immune function, thereby posing a threat to tadpole health.