Self-assembled mumio-stabilized bioactive gel systems for topical therapeutics of rheumatoid arthritis: Structural, rheological, cytocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties

In this study, we explore the development and evaluation of salicylate polyacrylic copolymer-stabilized gel systems incorporating mumio particulates as the primary bioactive agent for the effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An experimental combination design was used to formulate these bioactive polymeric gels, optimizing the ratio of key components: mumio, salicylic acid, and polyacrylate copolymer. The rheological properties of the gels were assessed through frequency, temperature, and time sweep tests to evaluate shear deformation, stability, and suitability for topical application. Spectral and surface morphology were further employed to analyze the gel systems. Antimicrobial activity was tested against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> bacteria, and fungi including <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger</i>. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell lines derived from mouse NIH/Swiss embryos. The results demonstrated that the bioactive gels exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, achieving over 60% inhibition after 24h, while maintaining biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 70% after 24 and 48 hours. In addition, the gels displayed favorable rheological properties, a smooth texture profile, and homogeneous permeation of bioactive ingredients. They were also found to be non-irritating, supporting their suitability for topical application. In conclusion, the developed bioactive gels present a promising and effective topical therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis, offering a combination of stability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial efficacy.