Supplementary Material for: Associations between Sleep Disorders and Impulsive-Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson's Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objective: To examine the associations of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (pRBD), respectively, with impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICB) over a 5-year follow-up in patients with early Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Methods: The Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative is a multicenter cohort study based on an ongoing and open-ended registry. Longitudinal associations of sleep disorders with ICB over 5-year follow-up visits were estimated using generalized linear mixed-effects models among PD participants.
Results: A total of 825 PD participants were enrolled at baseline. The study sample had a median baseline age of 63.1 (interquartile range [IQR]: 55.6-69.3) years and comprised 496 (61.5%) men. Among them, 201 (24.9%) had ICB at baseline. In the generalized mixed-effects models, EDS (odds ratio [OR] =1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05, 1.12) and RBD (OR=1.07, 95% CI 1.03, 1.12) were substantially associated with higher odds of developing ICB over time in PD patients, after multivariate adjustment including age, gender, family history, GDS score, STAI-Y score, MDS-UPDRS part III score, LEDD, and disease duration. Consistent results were observed when stratifying by age at baseline, gender, and PD family history.
Conclusions: The study findings suggest a longitudinal association between EDS and pRBD with an increased risk of developing ICB in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The findings emphasize the significance of evaluating and addressing sleep disorders in PD patients as a potential approach to managing ICB.