Baseline characteristics of the study cohorts at cluster level (N = 35 pharmacies) and participant level (n = 317).

ameasured with numerical rating scale, with possible score ranging from 0 (“no pain”) to 10 (“worst pain”).bmeasured with numerical rating scale, with possible score ranging from 0 (“no effect on activities of daily living”) to 10 (“unable to perform any activities of daily living”).cmeasured using the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ), with possible score ranging from 9 to 45 with higher scores indicating more positive beliefs.dmeasured using Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, with possible score ranging from 0 to 24 for physical activity-related fear and 0 to 42 for work-related fear. Higher scores indicate higher fear avoidance beliefs and attitudes.