Multimodal Physiological and Biomechanical Wearable Dataset for Non-Invasive Blood Lactate Estimation

This dataset contains multimodal physiological and biomechanical measurements collected from wearable devices during running experiments aimed at non-invasive estimation of blood lactate levels. The data include time-series and derived variables from heart rate monitors, respiratory sensors, and motion capture systems.The dataset columns are as follows:id: Subject identifier.stage: Experimental stage during the test.speed (km/h): Running speed, with 0 indicating resting stage.LT (mmol/L): Blood lactate threshold calculated by the Dmax method.BLA (mmol/L): Blood lactate concentration.BLAclass: Exercise load classification based on lactate threshold, where 1 indicates high load (above LT) and 0 indicates low load (below LT).max_hr (bpm): Maximum heart rate recorded.LF (ms²): Low-frequency power (0.04–0.15 Hz) from heart rate variability (HRV) frequency domain analysis, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction. Increased LF power is generally associated with sympathetic activation.HF (ms²): High-frequency power (0.15–0.4 Hz) from HRV, primarily linked to parasympathetic activity related to respiratory sinus arrhythmia.BF (breaths/min): Breathing frequency (breaths per minute).BR (%): Minute ventilation, calculated as the current actual ventilation relative to maximal voluntary ventilation.CI (L/min/m²): Cardiac index, i.e., cardiac output normalized by body surface area (m²).EE (kcal/h): Energy expenditure in kilocalories per hour, representing metabolic energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.RER: Respiratory exchange ratio, defined as the ratio of carbon dioxide output to oxygen uptake.V'CO2 (L/min): Carbon dioxide output via alveolar ventilation (L/min).V'E (L/min): Minute ventilation volume, equal to tidal volume multiplied by breathing frequency (L/min).V'O2 (L/min): Oxygen uptake via alveolar ventilation (L/min).VT (L): Tidal volume, the average volume of air inhaled or exhaled per breath at rest (L).VGRF (BW): Vertical ground reaction force.STEP: Step frequency divided by speed.SWING (s/(km/h)): Average swing phase duration normalized by speed (s/km/h).CONTACT (s/(km/h)): Average foot contact time normalized by speed (s/km/h).GAIT (s/(km/h)): Average gait cycle duration normalized by speed (s/km/h).CONGAIT (s/m): Ratio of contact time to gait cycle duration, normalized by speed.This comprehensive dataset supports research into physiological and biomechanical indicators related to blood lactate levels, enabling development of non-invasive monitoring methods during exercise.