Effects of European emissions trading on the transformation of primary steelmaking: Assessment of economic and climate impacts in a case study from Germany

Supplementary Information 1: This supporting information provides information on the modeling of material and energy flows for conventional and low-carbon steelmaking in an integrated steel mill. To this end, the production activities (unit processes) are provided. Also, information on the assessment of economic and climate impacts is included. Supplementary Information 2: This supporting information provides information on the main mechanisms of the European emissions trading system. Thereby, a focus is laid on regulations for the free allocation of EU allowances toward companies from the sectors with a high risk of carbon leakage. Additionally, the optimization model for designing favorable transformation pathways of integrated steel mills is provided. To this end, sets, parameters, and variables are defined. Also, the objective function and constraints are described.