Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database 2014 - Madagascar

Abstract
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Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage
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National Coverage.
Stratification by geography began in 2013. Sample excludes unsafe or inaccessible regions. The excluded areas represent approximately 35% of the population.

Analysis unit
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Individual

Universe
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The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Frequency of data collection
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Triennial

Sampling procedure
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As in the first edition, the indicators in the 2014 Global Findex are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in more than 140 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world's population. The survey was carried out over the 2014 calendar year by Gallup, Inc. as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has continually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 140 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. The set of indicators will be collected again in 2017.

Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks. In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households by means of the Kish grid. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected through the Kish grid from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or Kish grid method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size in Madagascar was 1,008 individuals.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in 142 languages upon request.

Questions on cash withdrawals, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, school fees, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Peter Van Oudheusden, “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World.” Policy Research Working Paper 7255, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

{'Abstract': '金融普惠性对于减少贫困和实现包容性经济增长至关重要。当人们能够参与金融体系时，他们更有能力创办和扩大企业，投资于子女的教育，并吸收金融冲击。然而，在2011年之前，人们对金融普惠性的范围以及贫困人口、妇女和农村居民等群体被正式金融体系排斥的程度知之甚少。

通过收集全球成年人如何管理日常财务的详细指标，全球金融指数数据库（Global Findex）使得政策制定者、研究人员、企业和发展实践者能够追踪金融服务的使用随着时间的推移而发生的变革。该数据库还可用于识别正式金融体系可及性方面的差距，并设计旨在扩大金融普惠性的政策。

地理覆盖范围：
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国家覆盖范围。
分层地理调查始于2013年。样本排除不安全或不可到达的地区。被排除的地区代表约35%的人口。

分析单位：
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个人

总体：
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目标群体为15岁及以上的非机构化平民。

数据类型：
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

数据收集频率：
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每三年一次

抽样程序：
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与第一版相同，2014年全球金融指数数据库中的指标来自覆盖140多个经济体近15万人的调查数据，代表世界人口的超过97%。该调查由盖洛普公司（Gallup, Inc.）在2014年日历年作为其盖洛普世界民意调查的一部分进行，自2005年以来，该调查一直在超过160个经济体和140多种语言中进行，使用随机选择的、国家代表性的样本进行调查。目标群体为15岁及以上的全体非机构化平民。这些指标将在2017年再次收集。

在电话覆盖率低于80%或为常规方法的经济体中，调查面对面进行。在大多数经济体中，实地工作在两周至四周内完成。在面对面调查的经济体中，抽样第一阶段是识别初级抽样单位。这些单位根据人口规模、地理位置或两者进行分层，并通过一个或多个抽样的阶段实现聚类。如果可以获得人口信息，则根据人口规模的比例进行样本选择；否则，使用简单随机抽样。使用随机路线程序选择样本家庭。除非出现明确的拒绝，否则调查员最多尝试三次对样本家庭进行调查。为了增加联系和完成调查的概率，在不同时间和尽可能在不同的日子进行尝试。如果无法在初始样本家庭中获得访谈，则使用简单替代方法。

受访者通过Kish网格在选定家庭内随机选择。在文化限制规定性别匹配的经济体中，受访者通过Kish网格从所有符合条件的成年人中选择。

在电话访谈应用的经济体中，使用随机数字拨号或国家代表性的电话号码列表。在手机普及率高的多数经济体中，使用双重抽样框架。通过使用最新生日或Kish网格方法实现受访者的随机选择。在每户家庭中，至少尝试三次在不同日期和不同时间联系到一个人。

马达加斯加的样本量为1,008人。

数据收集方式：
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具：
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问卷由世界银行设计，与由该领域领先的学者、实践者和政策制定者组成的技术咨询委员会共同完成。比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会和盖洛普公司也提供了宝贵的意见。问卷在多个国家进行了试点，使用了焦点小组、认知访谈和实地测试。根据要求，问卷可用142种语言。

仅在发展中国家和其他少数选定的国家询问有关现金提取、使用非正式储蓄俱乐部或家庭外人员储蓄、国内汇款、学费和农业支付的问题。关于移动货币账户的问题仅在访谈进行时属于GSMA“无银行账户移动货币”（MMU）数据库的经济体中提出。

抽样误差估计：
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标准误差（考虑抽样误差）的估计因国家和指标而异。有关特定国家的误差范围，请参阅方法论部分和相应表格，参见Asli Demirguc-Kunt、Leora Klapper、Dorothe Singer和Peter Van Oudheusden的“2014年全球金融指数数据库：衡量全球金融普惠性”政策研究工作论文7255，世界银行，华盛顿特区。'}