Summary of meta-analysis study characteristics.

aSome ACE questionnaire categories were defined using items adapted from other questionnaires. These were the Conflict Tactics Scale (physical abuse, witnessing interparental violence, and emotional abuse) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (emotional and physical neglect).ABQ, Search Institute's Profiles of Student Life: Attitude and Behavior Questionnaire [177]; AISS, Adjustment Inventory for School Students [178]; AUDADIS-IV, Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule IV [179]; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [180]; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–alcohol consumption questions [181]; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II [182]; CAGE, CAGE questionnaire [183]; CDC Healthy Days Measure, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Healthy Days Measure [184]; CDI, Children's Depression Inventory [185]; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [186]; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview (a standardised diagnostic instrument) [187]; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised [188]; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSTE, Checklist of Stressful and Traumatic Events [189]; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [190]; CTS, Conflict Tactics Scale [191]; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DISC-I, National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children I [192]; DISC-II, National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children II [193]; DIS-III-R, National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule IIIR [194]; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination (a standardised investigator-based interview that operationalizes DSM-III-R criteria) [195]; ETISR-SF, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report–Short Form [196]; GFES, Global Family Environment Scale [197]; HMO, health maintenance organization; ICI, Incident Classification Interview [198]; K-SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children [199]; MAST, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test [200]; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [201]; PBI, Parental Bonding Instrument [202]; PC-PTSD, Primary Care PTSD Screen [203]; PERI Life Events Scale, Psychiatric Epidemiological Research Instrument Life Events Scale [204],[205]; PSE, Present State Examination [206]; SSI, Scale for Suicide Ideation [207]; SIBQ, Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire [208]; S-L criteria, Silberstein-Lipton criteria [209]; SCID for DSM-III-R, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R [210]; SCID for DSM-IV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV [211]; TSS, Traumatic Stress Schedule [212]; YSR, Youth Self-Report [213].