GEO3_NEP: Global 0.05° Monthly NEP Estimates Based on the Third Law of Geography

GEO3_NEP is a global monthly net ecosystem productivity (NEP) product with 0.05° resolution for the period 2001–2024, generated by the Geospatial Similarity Law-based prediction model (GSLM_NEP). This product addresses the interpretability challenges and predictive limitations of traditional data-driven models, which are highly dependent on spatially biased flux samples. GEO3-NEP provides a product, which spatiotemporal distributions consistent with existing data-driven NEP products and incorporates uncertainty information, complementing traditional data-driven approaches. Monthly files are named “YYYYMM_NEP.tif” and expressed in gC m-2 month-1, while annual files are named “YYYY_NEP.tif” and expressed in gC m-2 yr-1. Corresponding global uncertainty estimates are also available as monthly products, following the naming convention “YYYYMM_Uncertainty.tif”.